What is an Employee Assistance Plan

What is an Employee Assistance Plan If you are an employee, or you were one in the past, there’s a good chance that you have heard of an EAP, which is short for Employee Assistance Program or Employee Assistance Plan.Even if you have never heard of it, it’s one of those phrases that you can easily understand from the meaning of the words.Quite probably, the word that will stick out is “assistance”, and this is something that every employee needs to know about, and every employer needs to consider implementing. The simple definition is that an EAP is an assistance plan provided to you by your boss. It is more than just a set of policies and rules on providing some sort of assistance to employees. It is a plan that affects not just employees but also the employers that developed, designed and are implementing the EAP.THE LOWDOWN ON EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PLANSIt is pretty straightforward, actually. EAPs are essentially “benefit programs” that are set up to help you when it comes to dealing with work-related or personal problems. They can even help you on both fronts. These programs also deal with other difficulties or issues that have a significant effect on job performance, physical and mental health, as well as your overall emotional well-being.The program is your boss’ defense when you accuse him of not caring.How EAPs have taken rootWe all know how bosses can sometimes be a pain in the ass. What could possibly have caused them to think about your well-being when designing these progra ms?The onset of EAPs can be traced to the first half of the 21st century. During the 1930s, companies noticed how the culture of workplace alcoholism or drinking on the job was adversely affecting the job performance and overall productivity of employees. Soon, companies started setting up alcoholism programs in their own firms, specifically to police their own ranks and to ensure that the problem does not affect the company’s bottom line.The positive results produced by the Alcoholics Anonymous, now more commonly known as AA, became a major turning point, marking the beginning of the increased adoption of EAP by companies for their employees. Once businesses noticed the positive effects of the implementation of these EAPs, particularly on employee productivity, institutionalization of EAP in business management and administration seemed a natural â€" and even expected â€" result.So we can see that the program is really a win-win situation that favors you, and your boss also gets a benefit when you perform better.What EAPs have evolved into todayTo say that EAPs are broad would be an understatement. These things are there for almost any problem you can think of. They have wide coverage when it comes to the types of assistance offered, and the different options for different employees. It is safe to say that a few decades down the line, the EAP implemented by one company will almost always differ in one way or another from that implemented by the next company, even if they are in the same line of business or industry.Think about it: The concept of EAPs was mainly jumpstarted by the rising rate of alcoholism among employees. A number of decades down the line, programs have been designed to deal with other problems faced by employees in the same way. The only common denominator is the fact that these problems all affect performance on the workplace if they are not solved. That’s why we now often hear about EAPs focused on matters such as relationships, financ ial management, family problems, and even psychological disorders.If we talk about problems in the workplace, however, there are already fixed rules and policies in place that are designed specifically to address these types of issues. For example, if you are having differences in opinion or personality clashes with your co-workers, they are usually addressed by regular team-building activities. Stress experienced due to overlapping work schedules can be resolved by reviewing the scheduling of work or the job timetables.Perhaps this is the reason why EAPs are mostly focused on helping employees with their personal problems, such as those that they have at home or with their families.To further understand the concept of EAPs, it would be interesting to take note of the defining characteristics provided by various authorities.EAPs are voluntary and offered for free. The United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) described EAP as a voluntary, work-based program that offers free assistance and aid services to “employees who have personal and/or work-related problems”. The moment you become an employee of a company, you are immediately entitled to the services included in the company’s existing EAP. In other words, you can get counseling, assessment, and other similar services without having to pay for them.EAPs are work-based or employment-based. (We’re still on the OPM definition of EAP). If not for the fact that your work productivity as an employee is affected, the concept of EAP may not be getting as much attention as it is getting today. Managers and business owners are fully aware that employee productivity is directly related to the business’ growth and profitability. Highly productive employees will drive up the bottom line of a company. In contrast, those who are plagued with mental problems and emotional issues, even if it has something to do with their families or home lives, are bound to display a lower productivity level that affects company results. It is for this reason that these problems will still be considered as “work-based”, even if they are mainly originating from a place other than where the actual work is located. The ripple effect of any problems that you might have at home is likely to be felt at your place of work. Therefore, these problems are still considered to be work-based, and must be addressed through the implementation of EAP.EAPs cover a whole slew of issues and problems affecting employees, specifically their overall wellness. As mentioned earlier, they are no longer just focused on alcoholic employees. The coverage of EAPs ranges from simple or common workplace issues such as stress and burnout, to more complex problems such as depression, grief, and psychological disorders. This is in keeping with the main concern of EAPs, which is to help employees maintain a mental and emotional well-being that will ensure their job performance and productivity does not suffer.EAPs are confidenti al. The fact that a company has an EAP may be public information, including the services included and the finer details of their provision and implementation. However, confidentiality applies with respect to the particular problems that you are facing and the solutions suggested in the program. In other words, getting help in an EAP will not leave your dirty linen exposed in any way. This is in recognition of the employee’s right to privacy. When you go for any assistance in an EAP, you are seeking assistance to enable you to cope with your problems, and announcing to all and sundry that you are having problems is not one way of going about it.EAPs are an integral part of company and organizational culture. Most companies include it in their larger human resource management or personnel management programs. As such, they have written policies and implementing rules and regulations that must be followed in the application of the Program. As in other company policies, putting the EA P in black-and-white not only lends it greater credibility, but it also puts everything in perspective, particularly how companies value their human resources and their general outlook with regards to productivity.EAPs may involve internal and external sources. Large corporations, or those who have ample resources to run their own EAPs, can implement the plans wholly from within as standalone departments. In some cases, however, companies outsource it, working with external EAP service providers and professionals that specialize in offering EAP services. Outsourcing the program is more preferred. This is mainly because it will cost a lot of money for a company to hire specialists for its EAP program. Agencies that offer EAP services often have an extensive roster composed of experts, ranging from psychologists, financial experts, legal experts, health care specialists, and more.Companies can outsource to these agencies and tap into this workforce without having to hire the professio nals.Incidentally, EAP is also the term used to refer to the experts in human behavior and psychology. These people provide “strategic analysis, guidance, and consultation throughout the organization to apply the principles of human behavior to enhance organizational performance, culture and business success”. EAP does not only pertain to the plans or the programs, but also to the experts implementing the activities contained within those plans or programs.BENEFITS OF AN EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PLANEAPs are primarily concerned with resolving problems that are affecting the work or job performance of an employee. From that statement alone, we can agree that EAPs benefit the employees first, then the employers or the company second.If you are an employee going through a rough patch at home or in other aspects of your personal life, you may view the EAP as something that will provide relief. Perhaps you just need a sounding board, or someone to talk to about your problems. An EAP’s c ounseling services may help get things off your chest, so to speak. These are some of the things that can benefit you as an employee in an EAP.Easier access to assistance. You won’t be the only one hesitant to ask for help. Many people don’t easily go out of their way to actively seek help. This may partly be because you are unsure who to approach, how to find him, and how to go about asking for assistance. By having an EAP, that invisible gap will be closed. You will know exactly who to turn to, and the fact that it is somehow closely connected to your work (or the company you work for) will afford you a certain level of comfort and maybe even some assurance that something good will come out of it.Confidentiality. This is a big reason why some employees are not too keen on seeking help from colleagues. If you fear that I’m going to tell, you will probably not share anything that you would like to keep secret with me. Many of the personal problems are called “personal” bec ause they can easily result in a lot of ridicule and humiliation when the public knows about them. Through an EAP, you will be able to seek help without worrying that your deepest, darkest secrets will be revealed to the world or, at least, to the other people in the company that you will still be working with in the future. In most EAPs, even the employer is not informed on which employee used which service. It is all kept between you and the one providing the service.Assurance of professional assistance. Since EAPs get licensed professionals to conduct the activities within the program, you can be assured that you are getting the best. Let’s say you have a problem at home with the wife. The counselors and psychologists that you will be talking to about these problems will be experts in human behavior. If you are seeking financial or legal advice, you will also feel more at ease knowing you are getting advice from financial or legal experts. As a result, unlike the help available from friends and colleagues, you will only be getting professional advice that is not based on hearsay and unverified personal experiences that are usually exaggerated.Least cost to the employee. EAPs are free for employees since they are funded by the employers. Clearly, this is a primary benefit for the employees because they will be getting excellent services without having to worry about the bill. Imagine yourself in need of financial assistance. Paying to get financial advice on how to get back on your feet financially totally defeats the purpose of the assistance. This is probably the reason why many people won’t seek professional financial education.Possible extension to family members. Most companies also make it possible so that the benefits of EAPs, which they have prepaid, will also extend to employees’ family members. This means that if you have problems in your marriage, you can bring the wife and talk to a professional counselor in an EAP even if your wife doesn†™t work in your company. The best part? You don’t have to pay anything.In addition to helping your company, the relief, advice, and solutions you will get from the EAP will certainly benefit you personally. No doubt, you will be healthier and happier, and this means you will also be able to work and perform better. Needless to say, that will also have an impact on your earning power, because if you become a better performer at work, you will have greater chances of being promoted, getting a raise, or even being granted a bonus. Let’s look at the other side of the coin. What if you have a number of people working for you? Is it not fair that you also give the above benefits to them? In addition to being fair to them, as the employer you will also greatly benefit from a well-designed and implemented EAP. This explains the rapid adoption of these programs by employers in all types of companies. As an employer, an EAP will give you the following:Sustained profitability. It’s simpl e, really. Happy employees are productive employees, and productive employees can increase the company’s profitability, which will ultimately contribute to the growth of the business.Improved organizational operations. By consulting with EAP providers, managers and supervisors can plan better. It will identify any emergency planning you need to make to address possible problems early. You will also find their input very helpful when you are in the process of improving business processes and operations. You can say that EAP is an excellent planning tool.Positive and harmonious working relationship. Many organizations suffer from having members or employees with low self-esteem. If you highly value your workers and employees and you demonstrate this through an EAP (and the employees are made fully aware of the fact), their morale will be high. They will be motivated to work together smoothly toward the attainment of organizational goals. They will even be responsible enough to produ ce impeccable results with no supervision.Improved business reputation. Having an EAP will put your business in good standing within the industry and business community. As a result, there will also be a high level of trust for your company name and its brand, so that other organizations are more willing to collaborate or partner with you. Again, don’t forget: good rep always comes with good business.Clearly, the benefits of an EAP, for an employee, are more personal. After all, it is your mental, emotional and, all too often, physical well-being on the line. As an employer, you may have a slightly different take on it, since there is that business angle where you will always have to look at the bottomline.ACTIVITIES IN EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PLANSPerhaps the most obvious activity or procedure conducted in the implementation of an EAP is counseling. However, this is not the only method that is used to provide assistance to employees in need of help. Let’s take a look at these metho ds.Counseling.Many employees go for short-term counseling when they need help. Instead of paying a professional that bills by the hour (and creating an entirely new problem for you, this time on the financial front), you can opt to get the services of a counselor identified in the company EAP. You won’t have to pay for it, and you can be assured of counseling that’s just as good as what you would have received from the standalone professional.Counseling is often provided if you are dealing with crisis situations, traumatic experiences, grief, and other difficult times where coping alone just does not seem possible. Examples are marital therapy, family therapy and career counseling.Consultations and assessments.Employees in need of confidential assessments will also make use of EAPs, primarily because they are free. If you suddenly find yourself in dire financial straits, you can consult with an EAP expert to get honest opinion and recommendation about how you can fix the mess. D uring your twilight years as an employee, when you are close to retiring, there may be some aspects that you are not fully aware of. How to make that transition, what retirement will mean for you, what you will be entitled to, and what you expect to happen after you have retired, are the most common topics where you may seek advice during a consultation focused on retirement.In addition, the consultative role taken on by EAPs is demonstrated when the service providers closely work together with the company owners, managers and supervisors in crafting policies and rules or regulations within the workplace. The inputs that EAP providers can give are deemed to be highly reliable, since they are derived from actual interactions with actual employees who are facing the issues in the workplace before.Health and wellness programs.A company may have drawn up weight control plans and programs, starting from setting up an exercise and recreation center within the premises. It may also have ma ndated the company cafeteria to be more circumspect in designing menus and choosing what food to serve. This nutrition program, as well as the sports program, can also be a part of the EAP. Generally, we can say that providing employees with access to health programs and benefits is already a form of application of EAP.Providing health-related advice is also another activity often incorporated into EAPs. Let’s say you work in a company but you are suffering from a long-term illness or a disability. Your company could provide access to a professional who will help manage your condition in an EAP. Conducting or sponsoring trainings on health and wellness and health education, in general, is seen as the first step in the health aspect of EAPs.You may also be concerned about child care and elderly care issues, since those take up much of your time and attention, even when you are at work. Some employee assistance programs incorporate child care services for single parent employees who will need their children watched over during work hours.Referrals and follow-ups.You can also count on an EAP when you need referrals for dependent care services, such as when you need someone to help you out in the care of your elderly parents or relatives. In this case, you will need referrals to reputable companies.In some instances when the existing EAP of the company is not fully equipped to handle your specific woes, they cannot just leave it at that. The most obvious next step is to refer the problem to the proper experts so that you won’t be left hanging. For example, when you are having health issues, you will approach the identified EAP provider of your company.However, if it turns out that there is no specialist within the EAP agency who is qualified for your specific medical condition, the EAP will refer you for proper diagnosis to another specialist, and also assist you in making follow-ups, if and when necessary.ISSUES COVERED IN EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PLANSIf you look at EAPs, what are the most common areas or services that are being managed? Let us go over each one of them.Alcoholism and substance abuseAlcoholism and addiction to other substances such as stimulants and medications are bound to affect how one functions in his daily life, and that will trickle to how he works. You’ve probably experienced working with other employees who have gone through addiction problems of this sort. Some companies link up with local AA and similar support groups in their area to conduct counseling sessions with employees who need this type of assistance.Personal issuesHave you ever wondered why it seems as though you are the only one having problems and everyone else seems to be getting by just fine? In contrast, maybe you have noticed a co-worker who is visibly downcast and has been called out on his poor performance more than a few times.Fact: everyone has personal issues of their own; it’s just that others deal with them better than the rest. Here are some of the common personal issues handled in EAPs.Relationship issuesMarital spats and family disagreements are seen as the most common personal relationship problems experienced by employees. And it is not just limited to married employees, since we have seen employees lagging behind in their work because they just had a major blow-out with the person they are dating. “Matters of the heart” are a tricky thing, and you’ve probably gone through these stages more than once or twice. Admittedly, some of these “matters” can be so heavy that they weigh you down, and affect your work. For these, you may seek some advice on how to handle your relationship issues.Domestic violence is another, even more serious, personal issue that is bound to have an effect on productivity. If you are the one on the receiving end of domestic abuse and violence, the most likely results include absenteeism, the physical inability to perform even the simplest task of your job, and also the correspon ding emotional trauma piled on top of the physical trauma that you are trying to recover from.This is a very sore subject for many, and many cases go unreported because of the shame felt by most victims. They do not want their co-workers and their bosses to find out that they are victims of abuse at home, and so they keep quiet. If you happen to be one of these people, check the EAP of your company. You might get the help you need from it.Work-family imbalanceAre you suddenly having trouble balancing work and family? This is commonly seen if you are an employee with a rapid rise up the ranks. As you are promoted to a higher position within the company, this comes attached with more responsibilities. You end up spending more hours at work, resulting to a corresponding reduction of the time you spend with your family. Soon, you will realize that you spend more time at the office than at home, and you rarely see your kids, much less have a complete meal with them. It becomes a bigger p roblem when this distance widens so much that a strain in the relationship with your family becomes bigger.EAP can help you gain enlightenment and guidance on how you can still strike a balance between your work life and family life, so you can still be a powerhouse at work and a good father or mother to your children, and a good son or daughter to your parents.Work issuesAlthough many work-related problems have their respective solutions at work, there are some problems that cannot be solved solely by a company policy or directive.Occupational stressAll employees have their saturation point; you know, that point where you feel like you’ve had enough, and they can no longer do any more. Or that time when you feel like a work robot, doing the same thing over and over again every single day to the extent that you end up utterly bored and completely unmotivated.Occupational stress is often experienced due to any of the following:Increased workload, maybe due to downsizing of workforc e, and higher demand for product or service.Longer work hours, where you have to work overtime in order to meet deadlines.Erratic work schedule, especially if you happen to work in shifts or rotating schedulesLimited or no control over the job, including instances where you have to work with very little resources provided to himLack of job security, such as when the company is contemplating downsizing or freezing promotions, or when there is no career ladder or upward career path that can be seen in the structureWork relationshipsHostility in any working environment is definitely a cause for concern. Not only does this affect how people work together to come up with outputs, but it will also negatively affect your psyche.At first, you probably don’t even notice that something is wrong. Gradually, you’ll feel a growing strain in your relationship with co-workers. You start to sense awkwardness in how you interact with others, and you no longer feel as comfortable as before in the company. Self-doubt will set in or, worse, depression. This may lead to an entire host of other, more serious, psychological issues. Examples of strained working relationships include having over-controlling supervisors, envious peers, gossiping co-workers, and disrespectful subordinates.Psychological issuesEmotional stress and similar problems are also rampant in the workplace, and these can be caused by a lot of things. However, it becomes a bigger problem when even you, the employee, have trouble trying to pinpoint the exact reason for the distress you are feeling. Some examples of distress where EAP may help include:Depression and anxiety, even leading to suicidal behaviorLack of motivation and an inexplicable sense of loss of purposeInability to handle grief, loss or separationWorkplace emergency situationsSome EAP service providers are also known to focus on helping organizations in the management and prevention of traumatic events and other emergency response situations.Hara ssment. Workplace intimidation is a form of harassment. If you are feeling threatened by the words, gestures or body language of co-workers and sometimes even your bosses, this is bound to put you on the edge the whole time. You may seek help through the company EAP.Violence. Workplace violence is taking intimidation and threatening behavior to a physical level. Actually, when it reaches this point, the act already constitutes a crime. Many agencies that provide EAP services specialize in guiding companies and organizations to deal with these situations, and prevent them from happening again.Workplace hazards. Even if the cause of injury or harm to you may have been unintentional, it can still take a toll on you and render you unable to work at your peak performance. An unsafe working environment can be a reason for you to seek EAP services.Legal and financial issuesSometimes, employees need legal and financial advice, and EAPs can also include these. Financial advice covers everyth ing from long term investment decisions to day to day activities like budgeting and expense tracking. You also need to think about retirement. Without proper financial education, it’s easy to find yourself in a financial crisis that could also lead to other problems like depression.Companies arm their employees with relevant information by organizing lectures and seminars and sometimes even having in-house financial planners. Most companies also have some sort of financial management training as part of the retirement package to help retirees adjust to the new life.Have you tried taking out a loan or any financial assistance, and the company helped you in deciding which loan to take, explaining the pros and cons of each, letting you know which is most suitable for your current situation? That may also be another EAP initiative, and you just had no idea that you were already enjoying the benefits of the program.In the same vein, if you are in the middle of a legal dispute, you can also take advantage of the EAP to seek legal advice. When legal aid is obtained outside, on your own, you can expect to be charged for the billable hours by the lawyers whose services you will choose. At least, through the EAP, legal advice can be obtained for free, even if it is during the initial stages only. If you’re lucky, your company is more generous than others, the legal team may even help you through the next steps of the legal war you are currently waging.Health and fitness issuesJob and personal stressors can lead to strain, which is manifested through various health issues. You may have suffered through times when your blood pressure went through the roof, or you’ve been experiencing chronic headaches frequently and for prolonged periods. If you’re not careful, these may even lead to more serious health problems. The stress may also cause difficulties in sleeping.Developing insomnia and other sleeping disorders is no longer a strange concept among employees, espec ially in highly demanding positions and industries. Doctors, nutritionists, physical therapists and trainers are usually involved in this area of an EAP, and they will be the ones to help you out when you decide to take advantage of the EAP to cause a positive change in your health and wellness.

The Subtle Hand of God and the Female Archetype in the Book of Esther - Literature Essay Samples

Introduction: The Multi-Faceted Appeal of the Book of EstherThe book of Esther is one of the greatest pieces of literature in the Hebrew Bible. Its narrative is intricate, inventive, and colored with complex characters. It is the basis for the celebration of Purim and is highly popular, well loved by the devout, the scholarly, and the literate alike. But Esther is also one of the most contested books in the Hebrew Bible because of the two norms from which it deviates: the absence of God as a defined, active presence and the portrayal of a clever, industrious woman as the savior of the Jewish people. The additions in the Septuagint, which rescind or lessen aspects of these deviations, reveal interesting aspects of the anxiety the Hebrew Esther created among some Jewish (and, later, some Christian) readers. Here, in this beautiful and unique book, we see the most clear representation of God as truly an unconscious presence-never mentioned, but always there, guiding the actions of indiv iduals and the Jewish people as a whole. We are given a female heroine, one who is an archetype of her own as she bends and challenges the female characters who have come before her. But even more profound then the book itself, perhaps, is the anxiety it causes. In the Greek book of Esther, God is added at every turn, and the role of Mordecai is conflated, revealing a certain discomfort by the revisers with the indistinct presence of God and a strong female heroine. However, these qualities make Esther one of the most intriguing texts for a psychoanalytic study of Jewish mythology.I. The Hidden God of EstherFrom a strictly narrative point of view, one of the driving forces of action in the Hebrew Esther is chance, or coincidence. If one reads Esther from a religious perspective, however, it is assumed that all of these coincidences are the work of divine providence and part of Gods ultimate plan, even though he is never mentioned in the Hebrew. At the crucial turning point of the na rrative, Mordecai suggests to Esther, Perhaps you have come to royal dignity for just a time as this (Esth 4.14). Later, his life is spared when the kings insomnia leads him to happen, by chance, upon the mention of Mordecai saving his life he had forgotten (also by chance). Furthermore, it is implied that, even under the threat of the kings decree, the Jewish people will be delivered: Hamans wife warns him that his downfall is connected to the reward of Mordecai the Jew (Esth 6:13), and the lots Haman casts give him the month of Adar, the month in which Moses died. Haman takes this as a sign of favor on his part, while not realizing that it is also the month in which Moses was born. Finally, the conflict between Haman and Mordecai, while it begins as a clash of wills, can be traced back to Mordecais ancestor Kish and Hamans ancestor Agag, symbolic of the statement that the Lord will have war with Amalekites from generation to generation (Ex 17.16). In fact, there are very few insta nces of deliberate action at all in the first half of the story. Everything is assumed, implicitly, to be guided by the hand of God.The presentation of these events wholly without mention of God himself, however, is what has made Esther so troubling to Jewish, and later Christian, readers: the Greek Esther that appears in the Septuagint, which will be discussed in-depth in the third section, attempts to modify the apparent absence of God. However, reading Esther through the lens of psychoanalysis, it becomes the primary book in the Hebrew Bible in which the nature of God as the unconscious is most explicit. Mordecai cryptically refers to an other quarter, interpreted by readers as God, but in highly peculiar language suggestive of a power waiting to be discovered and connected to (Esth 4.14). If one concedes to the idea that all coincidental occurrences and ironic rewards or punishments are the work of a divine plan, then, assuming the divine is a metaphor for the unconscious, the b ook of Esther shows how the characters therein are guided, redeemed, and destroyed by what Freud would consider their unconscious drives. Haman overestimates his own worth and his importance to the king, and for it, meets a bitter end of his own design. The king is almost comically forgetful, oblivious, and fickle, allowing himself to be manipulated by both Haman and Esther. And Esther, who is assumed in legend to be a symbol of the hester panim (the hiding of the divines face), can be seen both as the ego of the narrative, but also as the persona of God/the unconscious mind. Assuming Esther as the ego of the book, one could begin to attempt to construct an idea of her subconscious. Her self-image is that of a modest but beautiful young woman who begins the story as a mostly obedient and pious Jew (despite her neglect of Jewish Law, which is never addressed). Her Jewish identity would seem primarily secular or ethnic, except that one would assume that the religiosity of her Jewishne ss is the presence of God as her unconscious mind. In her subconscious, one might also find the king (her husband) and Haman, an adversary (and therefore, perhaps, a complex). There is also the shadow figure of Vashti, the openly rebellious queen whom Esther has replaced, and, of course, her uncle Mordecai. Esther and Mordecai can also be seen as anima and animus to each other. This is most obvious in the reverse of gender roles that occurs in the fourth chapter. Until this point, Esther had been subservient to her guardian and relied on him for aid and assistance, but when it becomes obvious that Esther is the only person who can sway the mind of the king, it is Mordecai who must depend on her and follow her orders. Esthers transformation in this occurrence is only one of the intriguing shifts in gender distinct to the book of Esther.II. Esther and the Female ArchetypeEsther finds herself in a peculiar position in the Biblical cannon. Neither a clear-cut example of the temptress ar chetype of Eve, Delilah and Jezebel, nor the good wife of Sarah, Rebecca, and Ruth, she is a unique figure. Only the characterization of Judithanother stunningly beautiful, pious woman who delivers her people with her cunning intellectowes much to Esther, and it is not surprising that both books have been challenged (the book of Judith is also considered apocrypha outside of Catholic traditions). Technically, Esther is primarily a symbol herself-an iconic heroine to the Jewish people-and her status as a person is secondary to this, but her character is still rich and well rounded, incorporating many different aspects of the women who have come before her. While Esther is the heroine of the story, the influence of the Eve archetype is still evident. Like Judith, Esthers power lies in her beauty and her ability to manipulate the king through, it is implied, sexual tension. She wins her place as his wife, and later an important conference with him, through her remarkable beauty (unaide d by cosmetic treatment, which highlights her exceptional temptress potential, but also her pious modesty) and instigates the defeat of Haman by arousing the Kings suspicion and jealousy. It is also important to note the relationship between Esther and the exiled queen, Vashti. Vashti is also assumed to be beautiful and dignified. However, it is her modesty (if one interprets Esth 1.11 as only the royal crown), or her pride, that cause her to fall out of favor with the king. While Esthers manipulation is, like the workings of God, subtle and cunning, Vashtis open rebellion ruins her. Esthers cleverness also shows how very different she is from Eve, who is easily led, though makes her surprisingly like Delilah, who is also able to manipulate her husband but for sinister ends. It is most likely this quality of Esthers heroism, combined with her gender and the ambiguity of the presence of God, that made the book so frightening to some, and therefore made the later additions seem necess ary.III. The Underlying Anxiety in the Greek EstherIn addition to avoiding discussion of God directly, the Hebrew version of Esther also causes some distress by neglecting discussion of Jewish Law. Mordecai and Esther especially are portrayed as good, pious Jews, but food laws are ignored and the Sabbath is not kept, even though these practices were still important to Jews in exile. The additions to the Greek version attempt to address these issues in various ways, from small adjustments (Esther mentions not eating at the kings table, God [changes] the spirit of the king [Add Esth 15.8]) and large ones (Mordecai is given a vision about the events to come, Esther and Mordecai offer long prayers to God). Mordecai is given a more central role with his dream as the first chapter and a more complex subplot involving the assassination attempt on the king. With these updates, two of the most unique and potentially offensive aspects of the Hebrew Esther are lessened. It should not go withou t saying, however, that the estimated date of the additions is relevant. It is assumed the additions date around 150-100 B.C.E., during the time of the Macabees, when the Jewish people were once again hoping to be delivered from oppression. Decrees issued in the kings name are printed in their entirety (to add historical credence to the work), and the otherness of the Gentiles is amplified. The increased presence of God and the decrease in the ferocity of Jewish vengeance in chapter nine of the Hebrew reveal the feelings of desperation from a suffering people waiting for the aid of their god. It is telling, however, that the additions are ultimately not included in the Hebrew cannon.Conclusion: Esther and the Human ExperienceDespite all of the challenges and controversy surrounding Esther, it remains an intriguing book to scholars, and Purim, a celebration of life and victory, is one of the most light-hearted Jewish holidays. So what does this book, its intricacies, eccentricities, revisions and restorations tell us about the psychology of the Jewish people? The fact that the Hebrew canon preserved the hidden miracle of the original text, even with the difficulties it presents, reveals not only a profound trust in the divine, but a belief that human action is often necessary, especially when the face of God appears to be turned away. The actual nature of fate seems to transform once the protagonists, especially Esther, choose to become active. In this way, we see Esther and the Jewish people as a whole in the process of individuation. The book of Esther is not unlike a game of connect-the-dots: seemingly random occurrences mapped out before hand by a distant, all-knowing force, waiting for the player to take the initiative, pick up her pen, and see the larger picture emerge.

John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay - 1100 Words

John Donnes The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donnes Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without Gods forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God wont forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasnt such a holy man all of the time and tried to make up for it in his writing. In sonnet 1, the speaker is talking to God. He tells God that his death is near. He feels that with all of the sins he has committed he is leaning towards hell instead of heaven. Satan†¦show more content†¦He is made craftily and of an angelike sprite;; implying holiness. He then goes on to say that he has sinned and needs both parts of his world to be cleansed and renewed. He asks God to give him more seas, a worlds tears continuing the metaphor, to wash his sin away. Then the speaker makes a Bible reference. He asks the Lord to burn him. It is said in the Bible that the end of the world will be caused by fire. This reference is saying that the speaker wants God to destroy his world now so that he can start anew and forget about his sins in the past. Again we see the theme of sin and the want to be healed and accepted. By using this metaphor in the sonnet, he gives himself a lot of credit. To say that he is a world which God must pay so much attention to creates extrem e self-significance. And to make the allusion that the actions of the Bible would be appropriate to be put to use on such an unholy world seems a little absurd. The end of the world is how sonnet 7 starts out. This is a reminder of the fire reference in sonnet 5, to which sonnet 7 has a strong connection. In this sonnet, the speaker wants to repent so that he will not die like the other mortals who sin. All whom the flood did, and fire shall, oerthrow,; is an allusion to the Bible once again: the great flood, which Noah built his ark for, and the fire which is to cause the end of the world. And in the first two lines, Donne makes a specific allusion to the book ofShow MoreRelated Reciprocal love in John Donnes Holy Sonnets1733 Words   |  7 PagesReciprocal love in John Donnes Holy Sonnets Holy Sonnet XV deals with the question of reciprocal love that runs throughout Donne’s religious poetry. The Sonnet is an address of the speaker’s mind to the speaker’s soul; it is a meditation on the Trinity and man’s relationship to God. The poem’s form and the multi-layered conflation throughout expound upon the nature of the Trinity. The theme of humility in reciprocal religious love or receiving and understanding God’s glory (as Donne understoodRead MoreJohn Donnes Holy Sonnet 14962 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Holy Sonnet 14† by John Donne, dramatizes the conflict between contradictions and a relationship with God. In the first two lines, â€Å"Batter my heart, three-persond God; for you As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;† (lines 1-2) the speaker begins to ask God to â€Å"batter† into to his hear, so he can be forgiven from sin. He uses the word batter because he wants something more intense, because he doesn’t feel anything from just Gods, â€Å"knock, breath, or shine†. Having these three verbsRead MoreThe Theme Of Love In John Donnes Holy Sonnet XIV1023 Words   |  5 Pagesequally bad and good for a person. In John Donne’s Holy Sonnet XIV, he captures this sort of uncontrollable and needy desire that comes with love. Throughout the poem he not only speaks of themes that include uncontrollable desire, and not having self-control when it comes to actions of love and sex; but he also builds up these themes through tones he implies and makes in the sonnet through word choice and symbolism. The story explained throughout Donne’s Holy Sonnet XIV is not too complicated to understandRead More John Donne’s Holy Sonnets Analysis Essay511 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Donne’s Holly Sonnet, as found in any English sonnet, there is a rhyme scheme and a standard meter. Although the rhyme differs a little from the usual Petrarchan sonnet it is still categorized as one, consisting of ABBA ABBA CDDC AE. Throughout existence, there have been many theories regarding exactly what role Death plays in the lives of humans. Some think Death is the ultimate controller of all living things, while others believe it is nothing more than the act of dying, once your time hasRead More The Analysis Of The Profane And Sacred In John Donnes Poems The Flea And Holy Sonnet 141801 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Donne who is considered to be one of the wittiest poets of the seventeenth century writes the metaphysical poem The Flea and the religious poem Holy Sonnet 14. In both poems, Do nne explores the two opposing themes of physical and sacred love; in his love poem The Flea, he depicts the speaker as an immoral human being who is solely concerned with pleasing himself, where as in his sacred poem Holy Sonnet 14 Donne portrays the speaker as a noble human being because he is anxious to pleaseRead MoreThe Analysis of the Profane and Sacred in John Donnes Poems The Flea and Holy Sonnet 141869 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Donne who is considered to be one of the wittiest poets of the seventeenth century writes the metaphysical poem The Flea and the religious poem Holy Sonnet 14. In both poems, Donne explores the two opposing themes of physical and sacred love; in his love poem The Flea, he depicts the speaker as an immoral human being who is solely concerned with pleasing himself, where as in his sacred poem Holy Sonnet 14 Donne portrays the speaker as a noble human being because he is anxious to pleaseRead MoreJohn Donne s Holy Sonnet 101012 Words   |  5 PagesTh e poem I chose is a sonnet, John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10. Around 1609, John Donne wrote a variety of religious poems called ‘Divine Poems† that included nineteen sonnets (1410). This literature reflected his interest in Jesuit and Protestant meditative procedures (1410). Although this sonnet is short, the message I received from it greatly influenced my idea of death. The story starts off as the speaker standing up to death. He tells death that it has no power over him and shows death’s comparisonRead MoreWit and Donne1587 Words   |  7 Pagesextent is this made evident in the texts you have studied? Connections between John Donne’s Selective Poems and Margaret Edson’s play Wit to a great extent enrich the audiences understanding of each text and the themes of death and love. When these texts are studied together it is evident through continual intertextual reference that Donne has heavily influenced the play Wit. Although the texts differ contextually, with Donne’s 17th Century poetry and Edson’s 20th Century script writing, their contextualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Holy SonnetBy John Donne920 Words   |  4 PagesChristian’s certainty of heaven and hell. However, John Donne was not distinctly on one side of this spectrum. Donne tottered in the middle, torn between his fear of death and God’s promise of salvation. Through three of Donne’s Holy Sonnets, the intrinsicality of his struggle can be deciphered to a certain extent. In the fourth sonnet, Donne demonstrates his belief in salvation and the promise of heaven. On the contrary, Donne tells his readers in his first sonnet that he doubts that God can truly absolveRead MoreIn Donnes Poetry the Religious and the Erotic are Dangerously Confused. Discuss1196 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ‘In Donne’s Poetry the religious and the erotic are dangerously confused.’ Discuss. John Donne’s Holy Sonnets were a series of metaphysical poems written during the early 17th Century while he was converting to Anglicism from Roman Catholicism. Sonnet 14, known as â€Å"Batter my heart, three person’d God†, documents how Donne desires God to exercise his mastery over him in order to banish his qualms from his mind, which are manifested in the â€Å"reason† or â€Å"enemy†. However, the language that Donne

Classical Operant Conditioning Case Study - 1686 Words

Introduction In the last decade alone there has been such a progression when using the CBT approach when it comes to dealing with individuals who have a substance abuse problem. There is a link between Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy which works well together. CT has to do with thoughts, beliefs, values, and opinions where behavior is emotions, family, social relationships, cultural influences and biological factors (Rohsenow, 2016). Each of the case studies that are talked about the CBT approach and how it applies to a substance related disorder. This paper talks about classical, operant conditioning, social learning as it applies to a substance disorder. As well as the CBT approach and how it applies to someone who has a†¦show more content†¦One thing that must be understood is that when any individual uses cocaine it s for important and a particular reason. Social learning theory- when someone learns from someone else it is called social learning, it is the most c ommon way people learn. With any type of addiction such as cocaine, it requires the help of others because they tend to help each other find the drugs they are in search of. Over time the addiction occupies more and more of their time till eventually all they are doing is surrounded by people associated with the addiction. At this point, it is nearly impossible for them to withdraw away from that situation and form new relationships with people who are not associated with it (Horvath, Misra, Epner, Cooper, 2017). Cognitive therapy- was developed as a method to prevent relapse when treating problem drinking and then eventually adapted cocaine addiction. This theory is based on the development of behavioral patterns like substance abuse; individuals in CBT learn to correctly identify the problem behaviors by applying the skills necessary that can be used to stop drug abuse and to address the problems that often happen with co-occurring disorders (NIDA, 2013). When it comes to helping someone involved with CBT is to anticipate the problems that are likely going to occur and help develop effective coping strategies such as looking at the positive and negativeShow MoreRelatedClassical and Operant Conditioning Case Study1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations, it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the or ganism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus.Read MoreA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning And Skinner s Operant Conditioning1243 Words   |  5 PagesTaSheena Moore 2/4/2016 PSY 110 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subjectRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesPavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While workingRead MoreClassical And Operant Conditioning And The Field Of Psychology997 Words   |  4 PagesHow have studies of classical and operant conditioning contributed to the field of psychology? In this essay I will outline the main principles of both operant and classical conditioning methods and discuss what both theories have contributed to the field of psychology and what they have taught us about the way in which some human behaviour occurs. Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning (Davis, S. F., Buskist, W. (2008). 21st century psychology: a reference handbook PageRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning on Phobias and Addictions1331 Words   |  5 PagesClassical and operant conditioning on phobias and addictions Introduction Phobia in clinical psychology context is an irrational fear of something or situation. The person suffering from phobia will try their best to avoid their phobia. In the extreme case that the person suffering from the phobia cannot avoid it, they will attempt to endure through the situation with a lot of distress ADDIN EN.CITE Swanson1986158(Swanson, 1986)15815817Swanson, Guy E.Phobias and Related Symptoms: Some Social SourcesSociologicalRead MoreClassical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical Conditioning Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content from which they are derived from, that is learning. According to Domjan, learning  is  a long lasting change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that result from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009). There are several learning paradigms which tak e the behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned thisRead MoreChanging Behavior Case Study Analysis Essay examples1051 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Changing Behavior Case Study Analysis Baker College – PSY111 Seminar 3 Changing Behavior Case Study Analysis A client approached me because he has a serious problem with procrastination. My client has procrastinated most activities that were not comfortable or enjoyable for as far back as he can remember. Procrastinated activities include but are not limited to paying bills, doing homework assignments, making progress on assigned projects in the office, buying presents for birthdays or holidays

Respiratory Infections And The Aged Adult - 1737 Words

Respiratory Infection Related to the Aged Adult Despite the multiple layers of protection the human body has against infection, bacteria and viruses still have the potential to breach the hosts defense system causing a cascade of issues. In addition, the aged adult can experience some changes to the immune system, creating more risk factors for infection. In this paper I will be discussing respiratory infections related to the aged population. Specifically, a literature review will be conducted to explore normal values, assessment strategies, diagnostics, altered findings. Additionally, this information will be applied to nursing practice to discuss its implications and challenges. Normal Results of an Aged Adult The immune system is the bodies surveillance system to keep it safe from intruders. The important cells and organs inside the body are initially kept safe by mechanical barriers such as skin and cough reflexes. If the intruder gets past the physical barrier, there are security guards patrolling the body including good bacteria, buffers and pH changes and secretion of enzymes (Price, 2015, p.13). Unfortunately, this security system is not completely protected. There is potential for bacteria and viruses to get past each layer of defense causing an infection. When we are looking at the aged population and respiratory infection, there are many changes the pulmonary system experiences throughout time. Sharman Goodwin (2006) discuss the common changes includingShow MoreRelatedAbstract. The Common Cold And Influenza Are Two Common1156 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The common cold and Influenza are two common illnesses of the upper respiratory tract. These illness can often be mistaken for each other due to the overlapping symptoms. The two symptoms that seem to present when the flu is occurring are a fever with a cough. Prevention is also similar for both of the illnesses with the exception of an actual vaccine that can be administered annually for flu prevention. Diagnosis can occur in the physicians office according to the individuals symptoms thatRead MoreEssay887 Words   |  4 Pageshealth connections of lower respiratory infections to Canada At the local level, it is evident that South Sudan is a country with a significant number of its populations suffering from communicable lower respiratory infections as previously indicated (see appendix 5). On a global scale, many countries also have to deal with the problem of lower respiratory infections. Even first class economies such as Canada have to deal with the problem of lower respiratory infections. Just like South Sudan, infantsRead MoreSymptoms and Treatment of Mononucleosis1261 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowed by an acute phase of 2 to 8 weeks. During this time, the virus can shed intermittently. Although immunity usually results after infection, in rare cases the disease may recur periodically. Mononucleosis, or mono, is often spread by saliva and close contact. Often referred to as the kissing disease, it mainly occurs in persons aged 15 to 17. However, the infection may develop at any age. Other risk factors include sharing contaminated eating utensils as well as cough or sneeze. Symptoms Drowsiness Read MoreInfluenza Is A Contagious Infection Of The United States Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesA virus that spreads to over three million Americans per year is Influenza, commonly known as the flu. Influenza is a contagious infection of the respiratory tract causing fever, severe aches and pains, and often occurs in epidemics. This virus is one of the ten leading causes of death in the United States. For people with a normal immune system, the disease usually lasts about a week. Usually the only people who have a higher risk of being severely affected by the flu are babies, young childrenRead MoreRespiratory Syncytial Virus1638 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS Respiratory Syncytial Virus Breanna Kennelly Apollo College Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes acute respiratory tract infection in patients of all ages and is one of the most popular diseases of childhood. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, which manifests primarily as bronchiolitis and/or viral pneumonia, is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection in infants and young children. RSV is the most common causeRead MoreEvaluation Of An Integrated Care Pathway1379 Words   |  6 Pagesheading this topic is the National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE). Under the pneumonia pathway I will concentrate on the â€Å"Adult with community acquired pneumonia path which is within the pathway. Pneumonia, is a lower respiratory tract infection in which there is an inflammation of the lung(s) caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia (Oxford dictionary of nursing). Pneumonia is often characterisedRead MoreIntegrating Burns And Infection Control1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrating Burns and Infection Control Abstract: An understanding of the structure of the integumentary system will assist in understanding how burn injuries affect the entire human body. The skin preforms anatomical and physiological functions which are essential to life. Damage to this system has the potential to cause irreversible chain reactions and wide spread systemic collapse that can lead to death. DermNet NZ (2006) Introduction: Burns are an everyday occurrence in the New Zealand contextRead MoreEpidemiology of Smoking688 Words   |  3 Pagestheir incidence of asthma, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), ear infections, and respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Smoking affects all ages, young and old. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) statistics for the prevalence of smoking in adults in Colorado, aged 18+ years, is 16.0%, and the prevalence of smoking among the youth in Colorado, aged 12-17 years is 15.7%. Adult’s aged 35+ had a mortality rate of 237.6 per 100,000 during 2000-2004 thatRead MoreThe Right to Breath With Ease1420 Words   |  6 Pagesarsenic, found in many pesticides (Report of the Surgeon General). A childs body is still developing and highly susceptible to the harmful effects of their environments. â€Å"Exposure to the poisons in secondhand smoke puts them at risk of severe respiratory diseases and can hinder the growth of their lungs† (ANR), among numerous other diseases and death. â€Å"Secondhand smoke exposure in motor vehicles may be associated with nicotine dependence symptoms among young never-smokers† (ANR). Due to the harmfulRead MorePulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex ( Mac ) Infection1337 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Abstract Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection may represent the next major health concern for immunocompromised patients; however the exact pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Current therapy consists of combined antibiotic treatment but bacterial eradication is frequently unsuccessful and the appearance of macrolide-resistant non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains is cause for concern. In other mycobacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB), infected mononuclear cells

Solar Of Solar Thermal Energy - 1901 Words

Solar Thermal Energy â€Å"Even if we didn t have greenhouse gases, were going to have to move away from fossil fuels, as we re going to run out. They re finite, where as solar and wind are infinite.† - Ted Turner. Solar panels use the energy that comes from sunlight to give power. Low-temperature panels are flat plates generally used to heat things such as pools. Medium-temperature panels can also be flat plates but they are used for heating water and / or air for residential and commercial use. High-temperature panels concentrate sunlight using mirrors and lenses. They’re used for fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 degree bar pressure in industries, and for electric power production. Installation of solar panels costs $15,000 to $40,000 on average. Solar energy is energy that comes from the sun. Using solar energy does not harm the earth or anybody in it. Fossil fuels produce carbon monoxide, which is extremely harmful to humans and the earth. Solar energy can also be used for a wid e variety of things such as electricity heating air, water, etc. Solar panels have materials to convert the suns light and heat into useful energy for a household. That energy can be stored for later too. Solar energy is very reliable because the is always light every day. Solar energy is also very good for the environment. It is good for the environment because it is inexhaustible. Inexhaustible means it doesn’t give off exhaust as other fueledShow MoreRelatedA Report On Solar Thermal Energy2132 Words   |  9 PagesSolar Thermal Energy Introduction Solar thermal technology uses the sun’s energy, instead of fossil fuels, to get cheap, environmentally friendly thermal energy. This energy is employed to heat water or different fluids, and can also power solar cooling systems. Solar thermal systems vary from solar PV systems that generate electricity instead of heat. World Solar Market The world has giant solar energy resources that haven t been greatly used so far. Alternative energy presently accountsRead MoreThermal Solar Energy Lab Report1144 Words   |  5 Pagesinjected and extracted heat per length ((q) ̇/L) pulses were simulated for 300 months. A charging time of 19 months is needed to charge the ground by thermal solar energy in order to achieve the desired design temperature. In the figure, this 19-month period begins in June and ends in January. When the system is actively supplying thermal energy to the building, the temperature rises in the summer months to a peak of about 80 C and falls in the winter months to a low of about 67 C. The yearly averageRead MoreRenewable Energy Vs. Solar Thermal Power Plants1977 Words   |  8 Pagesof non-renewable energy and the fluctuation of fuel price have forced the world to find clean and economical natural energy resources by means of renewable energy. Solar energy is a sustainable alternative option that can be utilized in various ways and can be used in many applications. The world has experienced enormous enlargement in energy and fuel consumption with lacking of energy resources. Moreover, the finite fossil fuel resource could not cope up with the increasing energy demand. AccordingRead MoreA Report On Solar Thermal Energy2110 Words   |  9 PagesSolar Thermal Energy Introduction Solar water pumps are high efficiency pumps specifically designed to run from solar panels. In addition to pumping maximizer or controller, they still pump in low lightweight conditions similar to cloud cover, early morning and late afternoons. Solar energy as an influence supply for water pumping is a perfect resolution wherever water is needed once the sun is shining, or wherever it are often keep during a high location. World Solar Market The worldRead MoreInvestigation Of The Solar Thermal Energy Design Course1307 Words   |  6 PagesProceedings of the Solar Thermal Energy Design Course MECH9720 12 May 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia z5122562 TRANSPIRED AIR HEATING COLLECTORS Ajay Kumar Hassan Nagaraj Mechanical Engineering Sydney, NSW, Australia 1. ABSTRACT The Global warming being the major problem and the fact that consumption of non-renewable resources is the reason behind it. The Future is considering complete utilization of renewable resources as energy consumption, like wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, etc. ParticularlyRead MoreSustainable Development And Energy Development : The G8 Summit Declaration Of 7 August 20071372 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing demand and patterns of industrial energy production and consumption are highly unsustainable which may lead to face multiple challenges like global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, geopolitical conflicts, consecutive fuel price rises and at last fossil fuel reserves depletion. Worldwide all the developing countries are working to make a vibrant industrial sector where entrepreneurs will make investments and thus opportunities will be created for new jobs. To achieve sustainable developmentRead MoreNotes On Parabolic Trough Collector Tube1216 Words   |  5 Pagescollec tor tube I. Introduction General information Nowadays the energy consumption is on such high level that scientists all over the world are looking for other solution. The greenhouse effect is becoming more and more disturbing effect and some steps need to be taken to at least prevent some of damages which it may cause. First of all, I will try to explain what parabolic trough collector is. It is one of the types of solar thermal collectors which is straight in one dimension and curved as aRead MoreA Research Study On Water Heating1374 Words   |  6 Pagesresidential electricity consumption in urban areas. Economical and financial factors are the most important barriers followed by market availability for penetration of solar water heater [5]. A study has been conducted to find out determining factors behind adoption of various solar energy technologies: solar photovoltaic and solar thermal options, collecting data from 296 respondents from Chennai. It has been found that scarcity for electricity and carbon free operation are two most dominating motivatingRead MoreThe Rapid Depletion Of Conventional Energy Sources And Scarcity Of Fossil Fuels2233 Words   |  9 Pagesdepletion of conventional energy sources and scarcity of fossil fuels are the major energy concerns. The renewable energy such a s solar powered energy can be harnessed by using solar flat plate collector. A solar flat plate collector collects heat by absorbing heat from solar radiation. The performance of solar flat plate collector mainly depends upon the characteristics of working fluid. Conventional solar flat plate collector uses water as heat transfer fluid but it gives lower thermal efficiency. NanofluidsRead MoreThe Impact Of Solar Energy On Society1062 Words   |  5 Pages Solar Energy Rossana Contreras Jennifer J. Reyes Sylvia Romero Luis Ramirez MIS 3310 - 180 Nohemi Villalobos G., MS IS 23 November 2015 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background History 4 Effects on People, Business Society 9 Impacts of Solar Energy 11 Important Trends for Society, Education Workplace 13 Solar Energy and the Government 16 Conclusion 19 Bibliography 20 Introduction The purpose of this research is to identify what Solar Energy is and how

The Roman Army Essay Example For Students

The Roman Army Essay The Roman Empire is considered by many as the basis of modern civilization. Today we use a form of government that was started by them long before people even knew that the Earth was round. Their reign of power began around 509 BC with the overthrow of the Etruscan dynasty till 1453 with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. Their land, at its peak, contained such areas as Britain, Spain, Gaul, Mauretania, Egypt, Judea, Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Dacia, Illyria, Macedonia, Greece, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Cyprus and of course Italy. The government of Rome had to first conquer these lands then later they would have to protect them. So they formed what is considered the greatest army of ancient times, the Roman Army. This army was a highly organized and efficient fighting force that would strike fear to almost all who opposed them. The size of their army would reach sizes that would rival even those of today. The Roman army brought about more effective tactics and weapons that would forever change warfare. The Roman Army used a system like todays military to divide their troops. The largest section was called a Legion which consisted from anywhere from 4,000 to about 5,500 combat ready troops. Each Legion was then divided into cohorts which contained about 600 men. The first cohort consisted of men in charge of administrative and supply duty. The cohort was then broken up into a century, this means unit in Latin, which consisted of about 80 to 100. A century was usually lead by a non-commissioned officer called a Centurion. Another unit that was sometimes used was a maniple which consisted of two centuries. Another division that was used divided the army into two parts which were called Comitatensis, Limtanei and Praetorian guard. The first part, which is a mobile fighting force, had to be ready to go anywhere in the empire at a moments notice. This was a highly mobile field army that could be at a trouble spot within two to three weeks. This group included lightly armed cavalry units, mounted archers (Sagittarii), lancers, and heavily armored cavalry (Cataphractii). Julius Caesar also used skilled slingers from the Balearic Islands who were strong swimmers and who could withstand cold weather. The second group was a more permanent defensive group. This mainly consisted of troops assigned to the frontier as border guards which was not a very well liked job. In order to get more people to join this part the government decided to give a barbarian land in return for serving in this group. The idea behind this was to relocate the barbarians from one area to another so that they were not defending Rome against their own people. Towards the end of the western empire there was an increasingly growing number of barbarians in this group which would prove to be devastating. These troops were the first line of defense and if attacked by a sizable force could easily be annihilated. The third group were bodyguards for the emperor. This group was started by emperor Augustus in order to stop assassinations like the one that killed Julius Caesar. The leader of the Praetorian guard was called the Praetorian Prefect. Through the time of the empire the Prefect was sometimes more powerful than the emperors they were protecting. Septimius Severus got rid of his supposed bodyguards calling them unreliable and seditious rebels and he in turn put his own hand-picked men in return. Constatine finally disband this group for good calling them more of a dangerous nuisance than imperial protection. He then started the Scholae Palatinae, or palace guard. The title Praetorian prefect did not disappear however. Instead became a entirely civilian government office without any military powers. The empire was divided into three large regions called prefectures, each under the control of a praetorian prefect. Korean Pottery EssayIn the legions their are four different combat positions for a battle. The first two groups were the Hastati and principes. These were young soldiers and they made up the main body of the legions. They made up the first two lines of defense and therefore were heavily armed and armored. They would be fully armored and would carry a thrusting sword a scutum and two javelins. The third group is the Triari. These men were the veteran soldiers of that legion. they wore the same armor as the previous two groups but, they carried a long spear instead of javelins. These men formed the rear ranks but, sometimes they werent even taken into battle. The fourth group was called the Velites. This groups job was mainly set up to be skirmishers. They were armed with a helmet, shield, a sword and short javelins. The Legions would also have an equal amount of allies fighting with them along with 300 cavalry. The roman military engineers have been considered by far some of the bes t engineers of their time due to their ability to create enormous fortifications in short time. The Romans during their reign of power mastered many tactics for attacking an enemy and defending from an enemy. One that was used in attacking a city was to surround the city and just sit their and starve them out. The key to this was that they sometimes built huge canals or moats all the way around in order to keep any attacking enemy at a safe distance and unable to sneak out easily. The romans would build enormous earth works around a castra and it is reported that they would build ramparts using as much as 20,000 cubic meters of dirt. They would also put sharpened spikes in the ground in front of the moat along with pits with sharpened spikes in them that were called lilies due to their resemblance to the flower. They were the inovaters of many engineering marvels that even todays combat enginners use. The roman army will forever be known for their great abilities in creating new tac tics and completing great engineering feats. The tactics that they created have been carried on through the ages, with only slight modifications, and are even being used and studied by todays military. There superiority went unmatched for countless years and through many emperors to become one of the greatest military powers of ancient times. Bibliography:Works Cited1. Connolly, Peter. The Roman Army, Silver Burdett Company, N.J., 19792. Grant, Michael. The Army of the Ceasars, Charles Scribners Sons, New York,19743. The Mighty Roman Legions,Online Available http://www.myron.sjsu.edu/ romeweb/ROMARMY/contents.html, April 22, 19994. Southern, Pat; Dixon, Karen R. The Late Roman Army, Yale University Press, New Haven, 19965. Webster, Graham. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and SecondCenturies A.D., Funk Wagnalls, New York, 1969