Attitude Of Young Adults Towards Drinking Milk In Pkaitsan Essay

Relatively small quantities of milk can provide a significant proportion of daily nutrient requirements for all age groups making it nutrient rich relative to its energy content. In addition to its contribution to nutrient intake, increased milk consumption has also been linked to reducing the risk of numerous health problems such as osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Milk therefore makes a significant contribution to the human diet through provision of the macro-nutrients, vitamins and minerals. An analysis shows that young adulthood, 68% of females and 53% of males had calcium intakes lower than the recommended level of 1,000 mg/day. Milk in urban areas is accessible to common consumers in two ways: loose, unprocessed milk and packed, processed milk. Each has its own price regimen. Unprocessed milk passes through the middle persons before it reaches the urban retailer. Dairy companies are also part of the marketing structure. Small local companies have milk supply contracts with ‘dodhees’. Agriculture is the largest sector of the Pakistani economy, contributing 23 percent to the GDP and involving 42 percent of the total labor force. Livestock is the largest of the various agriculture sub sectors. Milk is the largest commodity from the livestock sector accounting for 51 percent of the total value of the sector. The farm gate value of milk is estimated to be more than Rs. 390 billion. Pakistan is the third largest producer of milk in the world with a total production of 28 billion liter of milk a year, whose value is more than that of the combined value of wheat and cotton, from a total herd size of 27 million. Milk contains ingredients necessary for the growth and maintenance of human body- proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Milk and milk products form a significant part of the diet in many countries and a substantial part of food expenditure goes on milk and dairy products. In the quest for national food sufficiency, researchers in Pakistan have focused almost exclusively on production related disciplines and have overlooked the important allied areas of quality and yield. Quality it seems has consequently become the most forgotten aspect in almost all stages of food production, processing, distribution and consumption. This research attempts to study consumers’ attitude of young adults toward drinking milk and further to devise strategies that how the attitude of consumer could be changed or formed to incite them to drink more milk , research will be followed with theory of reasoned action model (TRA) , defined as to determine consumer beliefs associated with the consumption and drinking of milk and subjective norms (reference group importance ) and motivation to comply evaluation for milk consumption attitude. PROBLEM STATEMENT: To measure the attitude of young adults towards drinking milk. LITERATURE REVIEW: Theory of Reasoned Action Model: Theories are used to try to understand and predict how and why people change their unhealthy behaviors to healthier ones. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA that focuses on a person’s intention to behave a certain way. An intention is a plan or a likelihood that someone will behave in a particular way in specific situations — whether or not they actually do so. For example, a person who is thinking about quitting smoking intends or plans to quit, but may or may not actually follow through on that intent. To understand behavioral intent, which is seen as the main determinant of behavior, the TRA looks at a person’s (or population’s) attitudes towards that behavior as well as the subjective norms of influential people and groups that could influence those attitudes. According to the TRA, attitudes and norms are the main influences on intention, which, in turn, is the main motivator of behavior. Attitudes: toward a particular behavior are influenced by a combination of two related factors: ? Beliefs about the outcome of the behavior (i. e. , is the outcome likely or unlikely? ) ? Evaluation of the potential outcome (is the outcome a good thing or a bad thing? ). TRA important aspect of your attitude is whether or not it is positive, negative, or neutral. For example, if you strongly believe that drinking of milk is good, then one could say that you have a positive attitude toward that behavior. If you strongly believe that the behavior will lead to an undesirable outcome, you are likely to have a negative attitude about it. Subjective norms are influenced by our perceptions of the beliefs of those around us parents, friends, colleagues, partners, etc. According to the TRA, we have a sense or belief about whether or not these individuals and groups would approve or disapprove of the behavior. But we also have to factor in how motivated we are to comply with their views. This can vary from one situation to another. Subjective norm is defined as an individual’s perception of whether people important to the individual think the behavior should be performed. The contribution of the opinion of any given referent is weighted by the motivation that an individual has to comply with the wishes of that referent. By focusing on attitudes and norms, TRA provides a framework for identifying and measuring the underlying reasons for a person’s intent to behave a certain way (or not). It is called the Theory of Reasoned Action because of the emphasis on understanding these reasons, not because the beliefs and attitudes themselves are necessarily reasonable or correct. The more we understand about the attitudes and norms that influence intent, the more accurately our interventions can be designed to influence these in a desired direction toward a healthier behavior

Islam Worldview Analysis Essay

INTRODUCTION The topic of Islam never fails to deliver passion from those who attack it, as well as fierce support from those which practice Islam. This passion results in dogmatism within the Muslim community and fear from those that do not understand its teachings. Unfortunately most Americans and Christians only associate beheadings and burka clad women with Islam. This paper will go beyond these stereo types and provide an objective summary of this worldview, review the flaws inherent in its practice and how to most effectively share the gospel with a Muslim. BASIC SUMMARY While the religion of Islam is a direct result of Abraham’s lack of faith by conceiving Ishmael through Hagar, after Jehovah had promised a son to he and Sarah, the history of Islam is not nearly as old as the Abrahamic covenant. Ron Carlson writes in Fast Facts on False Teachings that, â€Å"According to Muslim tradition, the angel Gabriel came to Muhammad. And they take this as a sign that Muhammad was a prophet to the Arabs.† Muhammad lived in the 6th century and most people, Muslims included, are unaware that according to Carlson, Muhammad was a camel driver until he was 25 years old and that he was illiterate. The significance of this lies in the fact that he was not educated yet the founder of a worldview religion. Information like this does not put a good light on the final prophet, according to Islam, and tends to be lost in obscurity. Islam’s influence on the world, goes beyond religion and can be seen on the news daily. John Ankerberg identifies that it is important to follow because of its nearly one billion followers comprised of two schools, Sunni and Shi’ite. The world economy, along with the financial influence, outside of countries considered to be Muslim, are two other reasons Ankerberg believes Islam deserves to be watched closely. The belief still exists, in spite of the facts above, that Islam poses no threat to Western countries. This is dangerous and all would be wise to consider what Muslims are on record as stating. In January of 2010, the Hizb ut Tahrir, an Islamic apologetic periodical, stated that Muslims have enjoyed financial blessings from oil in the Middle East as a result of Allah providing these resources. It also pushed the belief that the influence it provides would be used by the Khilafah, heads of Islamic states, to begin the transformation of a brave and creative people into a leading world power. This thirst for power is veiled in a passionate practice of religion . Ergun Caner identifies that Islam is based on five pillars; the creed, prayers, alms, fasting and a pilgrimage to Mecca. In the creed the new convert confesses that there is no God but Allah. The prayers are to be made five times daily while facing Mecca. The alms amounted to one fourtieth of the believer’s income. Fasting is accomplished throughout the year some lasting as long as 30 days. The pilgrimage to Mecca, termed hajj, has resulted in military service members calling Muslim members of the opposing force â€Å"hajis†. This pilgrimage is only required once in the believers lifetime and are described as follows. â€Å"As traveling four camels abreast, which are all tied one after the other, like as in teams. The whole body is called a caravan, which is divided into several cottors, or companies, each of which has its name, and consists, it may be, of several thousand camels; and they move, one cottor after another, like distinct troops.† Manners & Customs of the Bible These five pillars seem harmless enough on the surface, but a closer look into Islamic teaches reveals a flaw the Christian cannot afford to ignore. THE MAJOR ISLAMIC FLAW Working the pillars in reverse reveals that the pilgrimage to Mecca is harmless in and of itself. The fasting taught in Islam is a physical demonstration of an inward belief practiced by many religions. The alms collected are used to help many people in need and are a worthwhile religious practice and the prayers are to be commended and the practice is common in many religions. What makes Islam dangerous is found in their creed. Richard Jansen does a great job of identifying the similarity yet distinction when he wrote, â€Å"Muhammed claimed to be the latest and indeed the last, prophet of the covenant God made with Abraham and, in addition, claimed that Abraham was Muslim as indeed were all the Jewish patriarchs and Jesus as well. Muhammed gave the name Allah to God and claimed that Allah was the Muslim God before he was the Jewish and Christian God because, in Islamic belief, the Koran existed since the beginning of the world, i.e. predated the Bible. † G Richard Jansen It is an error with eternal consequences to try and align the god Muslims pray to, Allah, with the God of Christianity Jehovah. In an effort to be accepted it is not uncommon for an apologist to yield this ground ignorantly. After speaking with a Muslim, a Christian apologist may be led to believe that Muslims are praying to the same God of Christianity. This is an error on the part of the Islamic believer and unrecognized due to ignorance on the Christian’s part. SHARING THE GOSPEL WITH THE ISLAMIST When evangelizing a Muslim the Christian must be careful. Religious discussions are acceptable on both parties accounts and discussing the similarities between the two are a great starting point. It is critical that the apologist understands that Ergun Caner got it right when he stated that â€Å"Islam didn’t get it partially right but completely wrong† The terminology between Christianity and Islam can be eerily similar when using English as the common language. If God is discussed, the Muslim will be in agreement, all the while understanding god to be Allah. The division between the two apologists always occurs when Jesus is brought up. Muslim’s concede that Jesus was a prophet but refuse to acknowledge Him as God incarnate as well as part of the Trinity. Jesus Christ as the Messiah is the mountain that needs to be scaled to evangelize a Muslim. Most Muslims are ignorant of their own faith, but are unwilling to hear this criticism. Instead of pointing out the failure of Islam the Christian should approach the Muslim in such a manner that they are accepted personally in order for them to be open to reading the Christian’s Bible. After all, relying on Scripture is the best weapon to accomplish salvation for anyone. CONCLUSION Using a non-traditional approach, this paper identified Islam in its most basic form as a religion practiced by many and abused by some in a quest for power. Without over simplifying Islam in its summation it also identified the major flaw found, specifically that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Recognizing the principle that Jesus is the narrow gate, this paper advocated exposing the Islamic believer to scripture and relying on the Power of the Holy Spirit to reveal Jesus Christ as He truly is. The author successfully implemented this strategy in leading his personal translator to a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ. The reader would do well going forward to interact and have religious discussions with those of the Islamic faith, using this exposure as a personal laboratory to understand that they are people and without Jesus will spend an eternity in Hell. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ankerberg, John, and John Weldon. Fast Facts on Islam. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2001. 1-3. Print. Carlson, Ron, and Ed Decker. Fast Facts on False Teaching. [S.l.]: Harvest House Pub, 2003. 93. Print. Freeman, James M. ; Chadwick, Harold J.: Manners & Customs of the Bible. Rev. . North Brunswick, NJ : Bridge-Logos Publishers, 1998, S. 72 Hindson, Edward E., and Ergun Mehmet. Caner. The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics. Eugene, Or.: Harvest House, 2008. 277-81. Print. Jansen, G. Richard. â€Å"Abraham, Jesus, Muhammed.† Lamar.ColoState.EDU. 1 Aug. 2006. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. . Unknown. â€Å"If It Is Not Now Time for Khilafah, Then When?† Hizb Ut Tahrir. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carlson, Ron , and Decker, Ed. Fast Facts on False Teachings. [S.1>]: Harvest House Pub, 2003. 93. Print [ 2 ]. Ibid, 94 [ 3 ]. Ankerberg, John, and John Weldon. Fast Facts on Islam. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2001. 1-3. Print. [ 4 ]. Unknown. â€Å"If It Is Not Now Time for Khilafah, Then When?† Hizb Ut Tahrir. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . [ 5 ]. Hindson, Edward E., and Ergun Mehmet. Caner. The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics. Eugene, Or.: Harvest House, 2008. 277-81. Print. [ 6 ]. Freeman, James M. ; Chadwick, Harold J.: Manners & Customs of the Bible. Rev. ed.]. North Brunswick, NJ : Bridge-Logos Publishers, 1998, S. 72 [ 7 ]. Jansen, G. Richard. â€Å"Abraham, Jesus, Muhammed.† Lamar.ColoState.EDU. 1 Aug. 2006. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. . [ 8 ]. Caner, The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics, 280

Email and Postal Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Email and Postal Rules - Essay Example According to the study over the last couple of decades, beginning from the 1990s, there is a sharp decline of letter writing in accordance to the report of UK postal service. Of course, official letters are still in use and the postal department delivers them throughout the world. However, in the context of casual letter writing, there is a diminishing trend and the fundamental cause of this trend is globalization and the impact of internet communication along with other telecommunication agents. Acceptance and offer analysis is an age-old approach of contract law, which is used in order to determine whether there is an agreement between two individuals or parties. A number of things can be offered, like a fax, newspaper, letter, email and also conduct as long as it conveys the idea of the offered given in the contract. An invitation to treat is not considered as an offer as it only indicates that a person is willing to discuss a contract. If the person the offer has been made to rejects it, the offer is destroyed, as it cannot be received in the future. Like in the case of Hyde v. Wrench, in reply to an offer for selling an estate at a definite price, the plaintiff responded with a lower price. Thus, the offer was then refused and when the plaintiff wanted to buy the estate at the former price, they could not as no contract was signed with the initial offer and hence it did not exist. The late 1990s and 2000s can be referred to as a new era of sunshine gradually but progressively scattering its rays all over the world, incorporating the nations, bringing

Faith Inetration Paper - business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Faith Inetration Paper - business ethics - Essay Example Organizational goals may relate to official goals or operative goals and understanding the basis of the values is important in judging the organization’s level of commitment to its value. Official goals of an organization are for example embedded in the organization’s system and are the organization’s priority. Consequently, an organization can sacrifice its interest or secondary objectives in order to achieve its official goal. This strategic approach means that a value that is secondary to an organization’s official objective can be compromised as the organization seeks to meet its official objective. Such a decision would communicate the organization’s commitment to its primary objective and identify a general level of commitment. Similarly, operative goals relates to guidance and motivation to employees, decision making framework, and establishing and implementing framework standards under which an organization can operate to achieve its officia l objective (Daft and Marcic, 2012; Daft, Murphy and Willmott, 2010). The aim of the operative goals is therefore to ensure desired overall objectives and not to ensure strict implementation of the operative objectives. The values for respecting employees and rewarding top performance identifies with operative goals with the aim of ensuring effective and efficient human resource for such primary goals like output targets or profitability. Consequently, identifying viability of outsourcing in meeting such primary objectives as higher human resource output or profitability would suggest the organization’s commitment to bringing the best out of its employees. Similarly, and the organization’s values being operative goals, means that their strict performance does not define the organization’s commitment but achievement of objectives for which the values were set. If the values were set to ensure that, a

Differentiation Chart for Elementary Education Classroom Research Paper

Differentiation Chart for Elementary Education Classroom - Research Paper Example The learning stations designed will have to appropriately expose students to the intended diverse strategies and choices which will effectively meet the needs of the learners (Tomlinson, 2004). Offering an equal number of assignment questions for each group of students. However, the complexity of these questions will vary from one group to the other. The learners who will demonstration the need of rather challenging questions will be provided to, especially those at the higher level of cognitive thinking as demonstrated in the blooms taxonomy. Creating small temporary groups that will last for specified periods of time. This will enable the learners to temporarily accomplish tasks together in a variety of ways. Consequently, the activities and learning outcomes will determine the means in which the learners engage in learning (Tomlinson, 2004). Assessing the awareness, readiness, knowledge interests, weaknesses and strengths of a learner relative to academic abilities. This is to find out the entry behaviour of the learner. For example finding out the prior mastery of knowledge, the previous understandings as well as the skills possessed by the learner. This helps in the prediction of what is necessary for furthering the understanding and level of mastery of the learner (Tomlinson, 2004). Provide an objective to be accomplished by flexible groups with members who has similar readiness level. For example providing opportunities for the learners in order to practice using individual whiteboards and manipulatives. For example, how to add fractions with like denominators different groups will accomplish varying complex questions (Benjamin,

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Computer Security - Essay Example In this element bidders can use the early stages to their advantage, since the prices then are low, to decide amongst themselves who should win which objects and then agree to stop pushing up prices. To overcome this weakness there is a need for a stronger auction design. Ozment addresses this issue of collusion, pointed out by Klemperer, by categorizing them into two major areas of concern in the vulnerability market. The first being employee-tester collusion, which comprises of the possibility that a competitor to pay an engineer to insert a backdoor into the program and hence increase its vulnerability. The second being tester-tester collusion, in which testers could agree not to submit reports until the price works in their favor. Having acknowledged these problems Ozment also proposes certain solutions to mould auction design to minimize the occurrence of collusion. By not making public the number of testers a limit can be imposed on their ability to collude and control the auct ion. It can further prevent colluding groups to form and then identify and punish a opposing member through retaliatory bidding. Also by having testers register in advance with a third party the auction provides incentives, in shape of reduced registration charges, for individuals who are actively planning to test the product and claim the reward. This reducing chances of employee-tester collusion. ... The issue of entry deterrence eventually leads to, the third main issue, predatory behavior as some bidder’s receive a modest advantage over the others. Ozment proposes the incorporation of an initial value of the reward in the auction to be of a high level to combat this issue. This creates an incentive to kick start the first few auctions in the series by bringing in a large number of testers. Furthermore it lowers the entry costs for participants in future actions in the sequence. Another solution proposed is by incorporating a reputation reward along with the monetary reward will increase participation of the bidders as well as effectively discourage predatory behavior. Some other factors such as reserve prices, political problems, loopholes, credibility of rules and market structure are also mentioned by Klemperer. However Ozment proposes structural suggestions to strengthen auction design by inserting stronger elements of cultural, legal and managerial tools during the s equence of the auction. Looking at all the above mentioned details it is effective to conclude that it is possible to design an auction as mentioned by Ozment while keeping in mind the factors mentioned by Klemperer. Despite undertaking a development of an auction design keeping in mind the strong enhancements suggested to strengthen it by Ozment, there are still a lot of perverse incentives that might be created. If we look at the fact that the key barriers to auction design are collusion, entry deterrence and a general buyer market power it can lead to the conclusion that design may not matter very much when the entry for a big number of potential bidders is made easy. This can be viewed by looking at the example of government security sales in which

NARRATIVE PLOT OF JONAH THIS IS A (RESPONSE PAPER) ALSO SUMMARIES OF Article

NARRATIVE PLOT OF JONAH THIS IS A (RESPONSE PAPER) ALSO SUMMARIES OF CHAPTER 5, 13, AND 8 OF CRACKING OLD TESTAMENT CODES. ONE PAGE PER CHAPTER - Article Example The storm was so strong that it was threatening to destroy the ship. The other mariners on the ship were afraid with each one praying and calling out to their gods to save them. In desperation they through much of the cargo onto the sea hoping to lighten the ship, but nothing worked. The captain found Jonah asleep and woke him up asking him to join in the prayers in hopes that one of the cries or prayers would save everyone. The captain yelled at him, â€Å"Arise, call out to your god! Perhaps the god will give a thought to us, that we may not perish.† (Jon. 1:6 ESV). Everyone was panicked wondering what they could do to settle the sea. Rather than settle, it only become more violent. Finally, Jonah decided this was a result of God’s anger and knew he was putting the lives of all these other men in danger. So he told the men, â€Å"Pick me up and hurl me into the sea; then the sea will quiet down for you, for I know it is because of me that this great tempest has come upon you.† (Jon. 1:12 ESV). Initially, the men ignored this request, perhaps thinking it was made out of fear, and they desperately tried rowing and rowing back to dry land. But, it seemed the harder that they rowed, the rougher the sea became. They continued to cry out and pray begging that they not suffer for whatever wrongs Jonah had done. Finally, they felt they had no other option and lifted Jonah up in the air and hurled him into the angry water. Immediately the violence sea ceased and the men began making sacrifices and vows to the Lord in thanks for saving them . At this point, Jonah was sure he was destined to die. He could not imagine surviving the raging waters. However, instead of drowning he was swallowed by a great fish. As Jonah sat in the belly of this great fish, he considered his situation and began praying to God. He acknowledged that god spared his life on the boat and now understood that he was wrong to ignore the will of the Lord and to try to run

Government's role in Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government's role in Marketing - Research Paper Example The two most important economic factors that affect international marketing are: 1. The industrial structure of a country 2. The income distribution of a country. The product and service needs of a country are shaped by the country’s industrial structure. There are 4 main types of industrial structures. They are as follows: 1. Subsistence economies: People consume what they grow and such an economy offers very few market opportunities. 2. Raw material exporting economies: Economies wealthy in one or more than one natural resources but poor otherwise. Such countries are excellent markets for large equipment etc and for luxury goods if a wealthy upper class is present. 3. Industrializing economies: Manufacturing accounts for 10-20% of the country’s economy. These countries are a good market for raw textile materials, heavy machinery, steel etc. A new affluent class and a small middle class are usually created by the on going industrialization, both of which require new types of imported foreign goods. 4. Industrial economies: Services and manufactured goods are the chief exports of industrial economies.. A large middle class usually exists making industrial economies an ideal market for all sorts of goods.... Low, medium and high income households may exist in industrialized economies whereas a subsistence economy may exist of mostly very low income households. However, developing or even poor economies may be attractive markets for all kinds of goods. The best example in this case is China. Even though China has only 0.2 millionaires per 1000 residents it trails only the US, Germany and the UK in the total number of millionaires because of its large population. (Kotler, 2008) The cultural elements that affect international marketing include: The different ways in which potential customers in different countries use and think about certain goods e.g. an average Frenchman uses twice as many grooming aids and cosmetics as his wife (Kotler, 2008). Cultural norms and regulations of each country e.g. Nike inadvertently offended Arabs and Muslims when it released shoes with a stylized â€Å"Air† logo which resembled Allah in Arabic script (National Geographic, 1999). Business norms and b ehaviors also play a very important role in international trade. Question 3: The political risks in international marketing involve: 1. Negative attitude of host government towards foreign firms. For e.g. Currency restrictions, import quotas etc might be imposed on the foreign to make life difficult for them. 2. Monetary regulations. Buyer’s government might impose restrictions on removal of a currency from the country leaving the seller no option but to receive payment in the blocked currency and getting their profits stuck. 3. Political instability is another risk associated with international trade. A major example of this phenomenon is the Dell Brazil case. Dell chose the Brazilian state of Rio Grande Do Sul as the site for its

The Struggle for Civil Liberties and Social Justice Essay

The Struggle for Civil Liberties and Social Justice - Essay Example The name of Martin Luther King is synonymous with the Black civil rights movement. The quintessential element of King's quest for civil rights was its allegiance to non-violence and its respect for human rights (D'Angelo 2000). That is why, even today, Martin Luther King is considered a human rights icon. Through his zealous and immaculately polished oratorical skills, King tried his best to sensitize the American masses to the universal quest for human respect and dignity. What King intended to do was to hit hard against racial discrimination and social injustice. However, this essentially peaceful and non-violent champion of civil rights was brutally assassinated in 1968. Malcolm X's commitment to black pride and social justice had its origins in the racial harassment that he and his family had to bear with in his growing up years. Being a smart and brilliant student, he soon realized that though violence was certainly not the right strategy to combat racial injustice, yet it was important to be ardently vociferous in one's struggle for social justice (D'Angelo 2000). Hence, he became an active member and spokesperson of the Nation of Islam. However, this non-violent but fiery crusader for social justice had to meet a tragic death because of his moral opposition to the Nation of Islam leader Elijah Mohammad.One another prominent name in the universal struggle for civil rights and social justice is Chico Mendes. Chico was a regular Brazilian rubber tapper who also happened to be an avid environmental activist and a guardian of the rights of native rubber tappers. Chico's struggle for saving environment eventually metamorphosed into a fight to save the Brazilian rainforests and in turn to save the future of humanity. Tragically, this peaceful adherent of social justice was violently silenced by his more radical opponents. Rosa Parks also known as the mother of Modern Civil Rights Movement was an African American civil rights activist (D'Angelo 2000). Parks' gestures of blatant defiance to the festering symbols of racial injustice bestowed on her an iconic status. Courtesy her jest for social justice, she received many national and international honors and accolades. The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo was a group of Argentinean mothers and concerned citizens who peacefully and non-violently protested against the disappearance of many children and youngsters during the military dictatorship that lasted roughly seven years. Several members of this group were abducted and assassinated.Hence, the one thing common to all the above-mentioned civil rights movements and activists is that they were predominantly non-violent and their peaceful struggle enabled them to win a conclusive and lasting victory over their more violent adversaries.References D'Angelo, Raymond. The American Civil Rights Mov

Retail Store Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Retail Store Design - Essay Example stores to asses the extend of the easiness in shopping for the customers. It was proposed to evaluate the degree of illumination in the shopping space, product shelves etc and a comparison across different stores on these factors and how it influenced the shoppers choice on selection of stores. Further, a comparison across the U.S. and U.K. stores was also carried out. The purpose of such comparison is to understand the pattern of change across the countries and the customer attitude behavior in the shopping in retail stores. Another major research question that is addressed here is on predicting the customer decision to shop in one store over the other. It could be due to different set of reasons and hence the research undertaken here must be able to expose the key factors that would drive the customer decision-making. in the retail store selection. In addition, it is also planned to have an evaluation on the effect of store lighting on the decision taken to shop in a particular sho p by the customer. The retail business segment is a very vibrant and dynamic area of commercial operations that demands specialized design of its building systems. The building envelope and interior features in the retail establishments are found to have direct influence on both the mental and physical well being of the occupants as well as the clients (Hiserdot, 2002). Incorporation of technology in the business operations have helped to bring tremendous transformation on the business functions and have also led to the innovative design of the functional space of the retail business unit. The two major components that design of a retail business unit must focus are design of interiors and establishing a favorable environment for effective the visual communication (Retail Systems, n.d.) Some of the specific interventions in the retail system designs are (i) Reliable and secure systems based on efficient automated systems and (ii) Solutions that are environmentally friendly and cost effective operation s (Salvador, et al. , 2006). The retail design process is a very rigid exercise involving large number of interconnected activities like the design of the exterior, floor plan creation with selling space demarcation, interior planning, placing of fixtures and merchandise on the shelves. Unlike the traditional approaches the design process is expected involves a thorough review of the past with clear understanding of the differences with the present. It is said to create a very rich design with the help of research data. To create a changing environment in the shopping space, it is better if the designs are considered as modular and flexible. The retail segment consists of large pool of trading stores. The primary classes of the retail trade are grocery stores, drug store, convenience store, discount stores and mass merchants, department stores, specialty stores, catalogue and internet shopping. Retail Drug Stores Drug stores are among the fastest growing retail stores. This is driven partially by aging baby boomers that require more healthcare products, but also as a strategy to siphon customers away from conventional stores. Consolidation in the industry has left three national players with several thousand stores each: Walgreens Drug, CVS and Rite Aid. The study undertaken here have chosen Walgreens drug and Rite aid as the samples for

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Example for Free

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Holy Shrines in Khairpur Posted on January 11, 2012 [pic] Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. Khairpur Sindh is known as the Gateway of Islam, Baab ul Islam,   Muhammad Bin Qasim’s conquest of Sindh laid the Foundation of Islam in the sub continent as Sindhs name suggests the Gateway of Islam, many religious saints and Sufi’s were from Sindh and are laid there, Devotees from all over Pakistan and the Subcontinent visit these Shrines each year, following are some other famous shrines in other parts of Sindh, houses the Shrine of   Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829) who was a Sufi poet from Sindh during the Kalhora era. He was born in daraza near Ranipur, Sindh. His real name was Abdul Wahab and â€Å"Sachal† was his nickname. [pic]Khairpur has very important Historical significance; there are many historical places like Faiz Mahal, Bali House, Lal Bungalow, Shesh Mahal at Kot Diji. Besides these historical places, there are some of the world famous archaeological sites in the district of Khairpur. One such site is the site of Kot Diji and opposite to it is the giant citadel at the top of the hill beside National Highway. Khairpur district is divided into eight Tehsils. †¢ Khairpur †¢ Nara †¢ Kot Diji †¢ Sobho Dero †¢ Kingri †¢ Faiz Ganj †¢ Gambat †¢ Mirwah [pic]Khairpur is famous for harvesting Dates as well, these Dates are distributed throughout Pakistan, Khairpur has a hot weather, fruits harvested here are usually juicy, sweet and supple because of khairpur’s hot weather and no humidity, the hot weather of Khairpur is suitable for the harvesting of cash crops like wheat and cotton, Khairour is irrigated through river Indus. Shrine of Sachal Sarmast: [pic] The Famous Sufi poet from the Kalhora era Sachal Sarmast was born in Daraza, Sindh near Ranipur, Sachal Sarmast meant truthful and mystic in Sindhi, His real name was Abdul Wahab, He is regarded as poet of seven languages (shair-e-haft zaban),  Sachal Sarmast was famous for his poetical works in Arabic, Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Persian and Balochi to address the wider audience in these languages. He spread the message of love for humanity through poetry. Sachal Sarmasts poems are sung by local singers in Sindhi and Urdu, His Shrine is in Daraza near Ranipur that is visited by thousands of Devotees from the whole Pakistan and different parts of the Sub-continent as well.

Historical Institutionalism Summary and Analysis

Historical Institutionalism Summary and Analysis Introduction In this essay I will argue that Historical Institutionalism offers a superior and more comprehensive view of change than the Sociological Institutionalism or Rational Choice Institutionalism alternatives. Is important to point out that the definition of change considered for this essay is the intended or unintended consequences of a strategic set of actions taken in a precise and determined time and space, in contrast to other possibilities in the same context (Hay and Wincott, 1998). To do this I will compare the competing views of Institutional Change that are presented in Rational Choice Institutionalism, Sociological Institutionalism and Historical Institutionalism to unveil that the view of the latter is more comprehensive than the other two due to the wide scope of the concept of change and the versatility provided by the cultural and calculus approaches included in the branch. I will examine the proposal of Rational Choice Institutionalism, first. Describe shortly what this new form of Institutionalism introduces to the discipline and evaluate what the scholars of this form consider that institutional change is. Then I will show how and why their vision is narrowed and cannot really explain most of institutional change on its own. Secondly, I will analyse Sociological Institutionalism, mentioning the elemental characteristics that separates it from the other two forms of New Institutionalism. Following I will explain the engine of change for sociological institutionalism and I will point out why there is not enough comprehension of how context affect the outcomes and why it is inherently contradictory by denying Rational Choice assumptions, yet assuming rationality in the way organizations operate. Lastly I will describe Historical Institutionalism to recognize their originality and explain the ambidexterity it possesses between Rational Choice Institutionalism and Sociological Institutionalism. I will clarify the calculus and cultural approaches to understand how they bring concepts of the two previously mentioned into the historical study. On the last part I will explain why is the analysis of change superior under the branch of Historical Institutionalism than both Sociological and Rational Choice Institutionalisms by pointing out how scholars on the first one have surpassed the critiques and flaws of the other two. Rational Choice Rational Choice Institutionalism is predicated on the idea that the individuals composing a society seek utility maximization (Tsebelis, 1990). In a process of rational negotiation, individuals consciously enact the rules determined to act upon every member of society. In that way, they choose rationally the characteristics that will shape their institutions (Shepsle, 1989). In other words, institutions are, for this approach, a set of rules, agreed by society in order to set the correct behaviour under certain circumstances and in specific situations. This way conflicts are prevented and the social costs of collective actions are contained and reduced (Hall and Taylor, 1996). To understand more about this current, we need to point out that the genesis of the Rational Choice Institutionalism is the study of congressional behaviour in the United States as a way of expanding classical Rational Choice into matter that did not fit the models provided up until then by the discipline, like stability of congressional outcomes (Hall and Taylor, 1996). When referring to change in institutions, Rational Choice does not offer much explanation or even -some would argue- does not consider the existence of a possibility that institutions might change. The term renegotiation-proof must come into consideration now. This concept defines the situation where none of the actors with considerable power to change an institution are willing to do so. Since the core affirmation is that institutions are selected rationally by rational thinkers that seek to optimize their benefit within society, it is logical to understand that there was a previous negotiation process prior to the adoption of such institution, in which all the related subjects to the institution where discussed and approved by the individuals.   According to Selten (1975) an institution must be the proof of renegotiation since that particular and central characteristic provides society with the consistency that precludes any deviation of the expected behaviour, therefore eli minating the cost of instability. Since the utility and effectiveness of institutions is locked to its capability to regulate the behaviour of the members of society, changes would bring instability, confusion and unexpected set of affairs that would increase social costs. It is, thusly, understood that one of the main duties of the state and the higher governmental apparatus is to maintain the institutional arrangement among the individuals, utilizing the processes of cooperation and socialization, (i.e. education) to inculcate this and minimize the virtual perception that institution do not serve the common good (Seznick, 1949; Lipset and Rokkan, 1967; Eisenstadt and Rokkan, 1973; Widavsky, 1987; Sunstein, 1990; Greber and Jackson, 1993 in March and Olsen, 1996). Instead of changing institutions, according to Rational Choice, it is expected that institution, when faced to different context from which it emerged, apply a pre-arranged framework that can support the inclusion of the new ideas and perceptions of the society but keeping the fundamental attributes of the institution itself. Therefore we may say that beforehand, institutions provide a plan of change that is intrinsic to the institution itself, preventing the transition from one to the other but not impeding the transformation of the original one, meaning that this variations are included in the starting vision of the institution (Shepsle, 1989) In other words, institutional change would only consist of institutions following the pre-set plan. For this reason, it is my consideration that the Rational Choice Institutionalism concept of change, should be replaced and referred more precisely as Institutional Evolution since it does not contemplate the substitution of one institution for another nor a transformation that suits better for reality or for the societys need, rather than the morphology of the existing ones according to the original projection. In brief, institutions do not really want to change, those who can change it rather reaffirm it through education to avoid the costs of uncertainty and re-adaptation. Therefore, we can state that Rational Choice Institutionalism studies the ways in which an institution is reinforced and reproduced within the members of a state, by sustaining the idea that spontaneous change or diversity has more cons than pros. Also it is comprehended in this argument the idea that a functional society works better with a faulty institution than without institutions. On the other hand, Rational Choice Institutionalism face the undeniable modification of an institution, it is assumed by this view that all transformation occur within the evolutionary plan of an institution, so that it is not viewed as a change, rather than a natural development through time. And, more importantly, departing from the point that institutions are rationally constructed for the benefit of an organised society, one might al so ask, as a valid criticism, cui bono from this arrangement. Sociological Institutionalism The second current of the new institutionalism is the one that arose from organizational theory in the field of sociology. Since the work of Weber, the sociologists turn their attention to the bureaucracies that shaped structures in different societies. Whether that was on state level, private enterprises, educational organizations, etc. Later in the 1970s, the need to separate those who study organizations from those focused on culture related analysis was explicit. But opposing to this, the new form of institutionalism arrived. It stated that the way bureaucracies where organized was not predicated on the premise of the greater efficiency, but they were often shaped to its core by the particular culture surrounding the structure in question. They found that this mandatory resemblance to the cultural identity was, in that way, in order to secure and support the complex process of cultural transmission. From this perspective, we can say that it seeks to answer the question of why do certain organizations take a particular shape and form (Hall and Taylor, 1996). Sociological Institutionalism is concerned with the legitimacy of organizations and bureaucracy. This branch of institutionalism considers that legitimate institutions get bureaucratized essentially following the norms that culture imposes. That is to say, institutions are shaped by culture, to the point that it is difficult to find two with a perfect resemblance since they must be adapted to the context in which they are reproduced or take place. Although certain degree of affinity can be found, for example, in the education systems of different countries, which researchers of this form of new institutionalism call isomorphism. If it is so that culture is the ultimate determinant of the shape of organizations and the structures of institutions, then there would be no room in this current for this type of isomorphism, but said concept is cleverly explained by the natural similarity of the needs of every human community in the world. Since we all have the same basic needs, and advance s in those specific areas have been done to make them more efficient, it is logical to think that structures in some degree will copy a functioning model (Meyer and Rowan, 1977). The most important factor for a social behaviour to be transformed into an institution and ultimately bureaucratized is the legitimacy gained among the actors of the society (Finnemore, 1996). The State is considered to be the ultimate example of such phenomenon. Finnemore (1996) argues that institutions are constantly challenged because of the contradictions within the dominant cultural norms, pointing at their constant need to refresh and renew their legitimacy to ensure endurance. In this idea lies the concept of institutional change according to the sociological discipline. They argue that organizations often adopt and promote new institutional practices, leaving aside the rational concern of efficiency and cost reduction, to increase the legitimacy of such organization (Hall and Taylor, 1996). Ironically, though, following Finnemore (1996), institutionalized bureaucracies are rationally substituted for other institutionalized bureaucracies for reasons that go against a rational scope. As for my opinion, sociological institutionalism does not really focuses on explaining the change in institutions but rather excuses the fact that institutions change by saying it is all a matter of the legitimacy of the organizations trying to stand the test of time. If it is so, that organizations have the power to shape the structural context of behaviour in such way as to regulate what is considered wrong and right behaviour, then there would be little stopping organizations from assuming total control of society they indirectly direct. Further, it is clear that they deny strongly the grand rational assumption that individuals act rationally (which I consider an appropriate critique) upheld by Rational Choice Institutionalism, yet they reinforce with the same effervescence the rational claim that all organizations act rationally in pursue of their interest moulding institutions accordingly. Finally, for a branch of new institutionalism that claims that context is the key concept in the development and understanding of the institutions, saying that change is only promoted by organizations, is undermining the possibilities of cultural diversity, as proven recently by the Arab Spring or , not so recently, the communist revolutions on the beginning of the 20th century. Historical Institutionalism Since the 1990s there has been an increment in the importance that ideas, economic interest and political institutions have and the relation between them. This has led to a great transformation of the historical institutionalism school trying to explain political outcomes (Bà ©land, 2005). Historical Institutionalism took great influence from structural functionalist, but for a change, they reject the idea that psychological, cultural, social or any individual trait could be extrapolated as a general characteristic of the system that contains them. Instead they suggest that institutional organizations shape the behaviour of the collective, thus generating political outcomes (Hall and Taylor, 1996). In this analysis they include the factor of rationality of the individual and the organizations but under an historical interpretation of the culture in order to decode the interpretation of both the norm and what was considered rational in such a context (Ferejohn, 1991; Thelen, 1999). This way, Historical Institutionalism has a pivotal approach that comprehends and exceed the previously two analysed (Hall and Taylor, 1996), specifically when one analyses the cultural and calculus approaches. Hay and Wincott (1998) argue that Hall and Taylor (1996) are trying to propose a dialogue between the Sociological Institutionalism and the Rational Choice Institutionalism by incorporating the cultural and calculus approaches to the Historical branch. The calculus approach assume that in every period of time, individuals tend to act strategically to maximize their gain, and institution provide a frame to make it easier to predict and limit the set of actions possible to take place. Now the Historical Institutionalism part in this approach is that the possibilities are reviewed into the historical context surrounding the decisions taken. The cultural approach contrast the calculus without denying it, analysing the degree on which individuals leave aside the rational decision, and lean to familiar structures or established routines. But for that it is necessary to comprehend the historical and contextual rational decision that was left aside and the familiar structures and established routines of such individual in that precise time (Hall and Taylor, 1996). The main contribution of Historical Institutionalism leads logically to the concept of path dependency. This is the assumption that the same processes can generate different results on different places because there are no two equal circumstances, an assumption that can be considered axiomatic, and therefor problematic (Hall and Taylor, 1996). One way to look at it is that the specific order in which things occur affect how they occur (Hay and Wincott, 1998; Fioretos, 2011). Following Fioretos (2011) the particular timing and sequence in which a phenomenon takes place contributes to four characteristics that remark the importance of context: i) unpredictability, by which it is expected that outcomes on similar events vary in great manner; ii) inflexibility, the idea that as more time passes, it gets harder to reverse the effects of such event; iii) nonergodicity, the probability that this effects can stand the test of time; iv) inefficiencies, the fact that abandoned ideas and altern atives might have produced more efficient outcomes but are out of the possibility range anymore. Another concept that is essential to path dependence is historical inefficiency (Fioretos, 2011: 376). The idea that the specific consequences of the path dependence of one precise experience would make institutional alternatives designed in a different context, far more likely to fail, despite of the fact that analysis of utility models may indicate their superior expected performance (Fioretos, 2011). The concept of path dependence, although taken from a blend between Rational Choice Institutionalism and Sociological Institutionalism, particularly from and formed inside the original contributions of Historical Institutionalism renders the first two approaches out-dated and unhelpful when talking about institutional change (Thelen, 1999). Change is comprehended as the outcomes, whether they are intended or not, of a set of strategic actions that are conceived inside the context of institutions in a definite time and space that provided the conditions needed to favour certain choices over others (Hay and Wincott, 1998). And that exact analysis is only provided by Historical Institutionalism thanks to the incorporation of calculus approach and cultural approach and path dependence. Since the concept of path dependence tell us that there is no way in which we can calculate with certainty what will be the overall cost of choosing an option over another when undergoing institutional change, considering unknown factors may intervene and affect the outcome, there is no way of formulating a model that can apply to any situation without risking a mayor margin of error (Harty, 2005). By leaving aside grand generalizations Historical Institutionalism can easily surpass the barriers of Sociological Institutionalism and Rational Choice, of assuming that organizations only use institutional change to reinforce their legitimacy and that every institutional change made in any context must fall into a rational choice, respectively. Moreover by not denying rationality, Historical Institutionalism does not fall in the contradiction of using Rational Choice to understand the behaviour of organizations or individuals, such as the case of the Sociological branch. Lastly, in my opinion, Historical Institutionalism is stronger than Rational Choice also, because it contemplates real change on institutions and not merely the evolution of them, since they hold no delusion of a supposed pre-calculated plan by institutions to transform within in order to avoid undergo real change. And is stronger than Sociological Institutionalism, also, as a result of giving the deserved and necessary level of importance to context as a determinant of the outcome and structure of the institutional change process. Conclusions We have showed that Historical Institutionalism has a more precise and deeper view of institutional change than the other forms of new institutionalism, Rational Choice Institutionalism and Sociological Institutionalism. I have compared the concept of change in the three branches, and found that Rational Choice Institutionalism and Sociological Institutionalism have a reduced view of what composes and provokes change leading to unsatisfactory conclusions that leave aside important parts of the reality without encompassing the inputs of one another. Rational Choice Institutionalism, due to its genesis, has defined a very limited scope, and only considers change to happen within and according to the institutions plan, assuming that in every step of the way, rationality is a perfect process undergone by every individual and actor in the society. Historical Institutionalism embraces a wider view of what constitutes change, enabling it to study a much substantial range of political situations that would be left out by Rational Choice. Moreover Historical Institutionalism goes as deep as to question what seemed like a rational choice in the context of analysis, providing with a view that does not deny rationality but also, does not consider it to be fixed and static. Sociological Institutionalism denies the absolute rationality that is assumed by Rational Choice Institutionalism. Scholars in this branch understand institutional change as the tool that organizations use to endure in time. They suggest that organizations are the ones that promote and seek institutional changes that fit their own maximization of benefits, but by doing this; they make use of the principle that they so firmly oppose from Rational Choice. Sociological Institutionalism only analyses context as a force that shapes the form of the institutions upheld by a society. Historical Institutionalism gives much more importance to context, saying it can determine not only the particular shape of an institution, but also argues that we should take into consideration the values and possibilities provided by the context. It also calls upon the importance of context in the elaboration of the concept path dependency under which it is understood that due to the specifics of some situatio ns, the same process may have different results. Lastly, since Historical Institutionalism does not deny rationality of actors, rather than question what rationality is, it does not fall on the contradiction that we saw on Sociological Institutionalism. We have seen how Historical Institutionalism, thanks to the calculus and cultural approaches and the path dependency concept is a synthesis of the Rational Choice Institutionalism and Sociological Institutionalism. Historical Institutionalism is capable of analysing much deeper into political phenomena by bringing together concepts of both and stating that results may not replicate in the exact same way due to the differences in context. Therefore not intending to push grand assumptions or create laws on studies and in that what being able to widen the range of situations to study. Bibliography Bà ©land, D. (2005) Ideas, Interest, and Institutions: Historical Institutionalism Revisited in Lecours, A. New Institutionalisms. Theory and Analysis, University of Toront-o Press. 29-50 Ferejohn, J. (1991) Rationality and interpretation: Parliamentary elections in early Stuart England. In Monroe K, The economic approach to politics Harper-Collins, 279-305. Finnemore, M. (1996) Norms, culture, and world politics: Insights from sociologys institutionalism, International Organization, vol. 50, no. 2, 325-47. Fioretos, O. (2011) Historical Institutionalism in Intenational Relations, International Organizations, 65, 367-99. Hall, P. and R.C.R. Taylor (1996) Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies, Vol. 44(5): 936 57. Harty, S. (2005) Theorising Institutional Change in Lecours, A. New Institutionalisms. Theory and Analysis, University of Toronto Press. 51-79 Hay, C. and Wincott, D. (1998) Structure, Agency, Historical Institutionalism, Political Studies, Vol. 46: 951-57. March, J.G. and Olsen, J.P. (1996) Institutional Perspectives on Political Institutions, Governance, 9 (3), 247-64. Meyer, J.W. Rowan, B. (1977) Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 83, no. 2, 340-63. Selten, R. (1975) A Reexamination on the Perfectness Concept for Equilibrium Points in Extensive games International Journal of Game Theory, 4, 25-55. Shepsle, K.A. (1989) Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1 (2), 131-47. Thelen, K. (1999) Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics, Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 369-404. Tsebelis, G. (1990) Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics, University of California Press.   Ã‚  

Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context

Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context Abstract This project paper attempts to rationalize the reasons as to why code-switching and different varieties of English are used in blogs among young adults who are proficient in the language. The varieties that were found in all 6 case study blogs differ very much in style and form, ranging anywhere from colloquial to formal, or written in grammatically correct English to simple use of the language along with mild to heavy code-switching. Three important questions were raised and answered in the paper, namely i) what are the varieties of languages used in the blogs? ii) to what extent does the code-switching take place (e.g. word, sentence level)? and iii) what are the reasons for the occurrences of the code-switching? 1. Introduction â€Å"The accent of ones birthplace lingers in the mind and in the heart as it does in ones speech† Rochefoucauld, Maximes, 342 Blogs are currently a growing trend, especially among the younger generation who are technologically savvy. Maintaining a blog is almost a norm and to some people, something that they cannot live without. Many of these youngsters regard blogs as their means of expressing their sense of independence and individualism. It is their private world a place where they are able to speak their mind without anyone questioning them (disregarding instances of comments being left by readers). However, just like the writers themselves who are different from one another, the language varieties that are used in these blogs differ very much in style and form, reflecting the writers individuality. The language can range from being colloquial to formal, or in cases where the writers are multilingual, display instances of heavy code-switching. These reasons for code-switching could range from trying to create a sense of importance about a certain topic or individual, to simply wanting to reflect ones individualism and background by using certain expressions that are intended to exclude or include certain speech communities. For example, a blog written in the Malayalam language is meant only for readers who are able to read and write in the language, and thus not for the purpose of general viewing. This study attempts to examine the use of code-switching in certain Malaysian blogs and examine the possible reasons for code-switching by individuals who are proficient in English. 2. Literature Review Haugen (1953, p.7) defines bilingualism as a phenomenon where â€Å"the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language†. As highlighted in Hakuta (1986), Mackey (1967) has also claimed that â€Å"bilingualism, far from being exceptional, is a problem which affects the majority of the worlds population† (p.11). This is a statement that I do not fully agree on, because bilingualism should not be considered a problem, but more a reflection of rapid globalization and an increasingly borderless world. Hakuta (1986, p.10) also explains that â€Å"the story of bilingualism is in part about the changing perspectives of social scientists, changes that occur not only as a function of trends in the profession but as a function of trends in society as a whole†. This is something quite relevant to the topic of bilingualism as it has a lot to do with the changing perspectives of society and how it really functions as a trend. In Paradiss (Ed.) (1978), it is claimed that â€Å"†¦since the role of individual idiosyncratic factors seems to be an important aspect of code-switching, in that among groups of approximately equal bilingual abilities, some code-switch more than others, a complete determination of the sufficient conditions for code-switching probably lies beyond the reach of behavioral sciences†. Paradis (1978) also further stated that â€Å"within a given linguistic community, there appears to be no single set of norms that determines how often, within a single sentence, languages may shifted, nor how many words or syllables must intervene between switches†. This is very true if bilingual communities such as within the Malaysian context are observed, where most of the people are multilingual and code-switching is an almost sub-conscious part of their lives. Dopke (1992), claims that â€Å"[c]ode-switching can arise as a result of changes to the participants in a conversation, the setting, the discourse type or the topic or by the speakers need to emphasize or clarify a point, to attract or retain the attention of the listener, to quote someone else or to simply exclude or include specific audiences†. For example, Pillai (2008) shows that code-switching in this context is related to the concept of power and solidarity, and reflects ones identity within a community. Adler (1977, p.154), points out that if a person were to learn â€Å"a language in his home country, and learns it well, he will be affected by it to some extent†. Adler (1977, p.154) further adds that â€Å"he will have to absorb at least part of the culture of the society whose language he learnsspeaking the language with natives will not only perfect his knowledge but he will also change [code-switch] more than would be the case otherwise†. This is due to the influence of other languages in his environment which affects his primary language. This theory would be used as the theoretical framework in the analysis of data from the case study blogs used for this project paper. In a study on the use of Tagalog-English in blogs written by Filipino bloggers, Smedley (2006) summarized that â€Å"†¦switching is not merely a product of how speakers attend to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they attend to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their linguistic repertoire maximally to make their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities†. This is proven when an individual code-switch to further elaborate and explicate meanings through communication with others around them, for example when using certain terms or phrases unique to a certain vernacular language in a predominantly English conversation. This is an underlying premise of which I will attempt to examine in this study. Pillai (2008) also points out that switching can be at the micro level of accent switching in the Malaysian context where speakers do not change language variety but put on a different ethnic accent to reflect ones identity within a community i.e. to be included in various speech communities. It is also pointed out by Ibrahim (2005, cited in Pillai 2008) that there exists a â€Å"desire to use our own brand of English to construct a sense of belonging and identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ; and â€Å"†¦to emphasize solidarity or otherwise, and to communicate a particular stance or emotion†. This is another underlying premise regarding code-switching that this study attemps to explore. Similarly, Lipski (2008) discusses the sense of identity as seen within the context of code-switching and bilingualism. This study will be based on the two assumptions. The first is the assumption by Adler (1977, p.154), that if a person were to learn â€Å"a language in his home country, and learns it well, he will be affected by it to some extent†. Adler further adds that â€Å"He will have to absorb at least part of the culture of the society whose language he learnsspeaking the language with natives will not only perfect his knowledge but he will also change [code-switch] more than would be the case otherwise†. The second would be a hypotheses by Smedley (2006) where he claims that â€Å"†¦switching is not merely a product of how speakers attend to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they attend to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their linguistic repertoire maximally to make their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities†. 3. Aim This research aims to examine the extent of code-switching in blogs written by individuals who are proficient in the English Language, and to determine the possible reasons for code-switching. In relation to these aims, the research questions that are addressed by this study are as follows: 1. What are the varieties of languages used in the blogs? 2. To what extent does the code-switching take place (e.g. word, sentence level)? 3. What are the reasons for the occurrences of the code-switching? 4. Methodology In order to obtain the relevant data for this research paper, six (6) blogs were chosen three blogs each from writers of the two major ethnic groups in Malaysia, namely Chinese and Malays. The writers of all six blogs that were chosen are first, second and third year English major students from the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya. The main reason as to why only English major students were chosen is because they are proficient in the language, and thus would provide interesting data which may provide answers to the research questions raised. All six blogs were analyzed to examine the varieties of languages used, and the extent to which they were used as well as the reasons for the code-switching. The analysis was done based on two levels; i) intra-language (variations within English) code-switching at word and sentence level and ii) inter-language code-switching at word and sentence level. 5. Findings Discussion For this research, only data (blog entries) from the months of July to December 2008 were looked at and analysed. This is so that the data acquired is not too broad or too general, instead pointing out specific details which would help in the analysis of data. Three blogs by Malay bloggers and another three blogs by Chinese bloggers were studied and used as data. 5.1 Intra-language code-switching at word level †¦I wus lyk, black out . This sentence is quite interesting as it is made up of a few different varieties of English. The word â€Å"wus† is actually â€Å"was†, and this method of spelling and pronunciation is used mainly in African American Vernacular English speech. The word â€Å"lyk†, which is actually a short form of â€Å"like†, is used primarily in non-standard American English speech, where the word is inserted in the middle of sentences usually before a verb to describe ones emotional state or reaction. notice anything kewl~ today on my page The term â€Å"kewl† here is actually a differed spelling for â€Å"cool†, used usually in teenagers and young adults jargon. The term, in this context, brings about the meaning of â€Å"different and/or interesting or good†. The pronunciation for the word is as its written form. I fucking hate my fucking life . In this sentence from one of the bloggers entries, the curse word â€Å"fucking† is used twice to further illustrate her anger and frustration. This syntactical formation is generally considered non-standard in addition to being offensive or taboo. However, many youngsters these days use this term very freely and it is accepted among the youth today. So Ill say, screw you . Similarly, the phrase â€Å"screw you† is considered non-standard, although not as offensive as the earlier example. This phrase has a few attached meanings to it including â€Å"fuck you† and â€Å"to hell with you†. n btw, its from mahatma gandhi . In this sentence, the blogger uses the term â€Å"btw† which is an acronym for the phrase â€Å"by the way†. This acronym is non-standard English and is used only in written form. In addition to that, â€Å"n† is used in replacement of the more standard â€Å"And†, although it is not usually used at the beginning of a formal sentence. And the prick just went on . Although the blogger uses a generally informal variety of written English, she does code-switch to a non-standard term in between her words the use of the term â€Å"prick†, for example, is considered offensive and taboo in most cases. Here, it is used mainly to illustrate her frustration and anger. 5.2 Intra-language code-switching at sentence level I terribly hearts you . This is a unique way of youngsters nowadays to express their love or liking for something, usually towards non-animate objects, as seen here where the blogger expresses her liking for a TV programme. This style of writing is not accepted in Standard English; however it is so in modern teenagers jargon. What the heck . The phrase highlighted here is a very informal utterance which is used to simply demonstrate ones annoyance. This sentence is generally considered non-standard and is usually used to show exasperation or displeasure towards something, as seen in the example above. Oh no-ness . This phrase is considered ungrammatical in addition to being non-standard. Although for the most part the blogger uses standard and grammatically accepted written English, she chooses to switch to a less grammatical sentence structure, in this case most probably for the purpose of emphasizing her disappointment. 5.3 Inter-language code-switching at word level Nenek belanja all 8 of us to watch the movie . Here, the blogger code-switches from English to Malay to draw attention to the fact that her grandmother (whom she refers to as â€Å"Nenek† a result of her hailing from a Malay culture background) had treated all eight of her siblings and family members to a movie. This is an interesting feature as many people in Malaysia, regardless of their age, race and English proficiency level, use the term â€Å"belanja† quite often to replace the English equivalent â€Å"treated†. It is the main reason as to why the term, like many others akin to it, has a very Malaysian flavour to it. even my abah had forgotten that it was my bday ! Similarly, another blogger from a Malay culture background used the term â€Å"abah† to refer to her father. She does not use the English terms â€Å"father† (formal) or â€Å"dad† (informal), but chooses instead to keep the term she uses to call him â€Å"abah†. As seen in the examples here, words or phrases referring to kinship terms are generally maintained in written form. This can be due to the habit or familiarity with the concept (family members) which makes it easier to refer to them with the names as per given and called. Whatever la . The term â€Å"la† is a very typical Colloquial Malaysian English discourse particle which is used primarily used at the end or beginning of a sentence, though occasionally they are inserted in the middle of sentences. Influenced by the Malay languages â€Å"-lah† suffix, it is commonly used in English conversations for various reasons, such as to create a sense of Malaysian-ism for an individual or to alter the meaning or tone of a sentence (to stress a point, persuade, show an acceptance of an offer, show agreement or admittance, or to soften a brusque reply). plus, pray to Allah that those who r responsible for th death wil accept th biggest punishment in th world . In the sentence above, the blogger refers to God as â€Å"Allah†. This is due to her cultural background i.e. being a Muslim. Usually, Muslims tend to refer to God as â€Å"Allah† because that is the term used to refer to God in the Muslim holy book, the Al-Quran. Many Muslims grow up having to learn and read the book, as well as go for religious classes; all of which influences each and every one of them in terms used to refer to religious matters including the name for God. maybe theres hikmah in all of this . Here, the blogger uses the term â€Å"hikmah† to bring about the meaning of â€Å"silver lining†. The Malay language term was chosen and used most probably because of the cultural background (being a Malay) of the blogger herself, where this term is used more often as compared to the English language equivalent. In addition to that, the Malay term is preferred most probably due to the meaning it produces the English translation of the term does not fully explain and carry the meaning of the term as compared to Malay. First attempt to insert a new stick†¦patah . Here the blogger code-switches from English to Malay in one of her entries. This term is widely used in the Malay language, as well as Colloquial Malaysian English where it is used to mean anything that is â€Å"broken†. In the context of this entry, the blogger uses the term to refer to her ruined hand fan. wae-yo saranghae-yo!! This particular blogger code-switches from English to Korean in one of the entries. Although she is not Korean by heritage, she is interested in Korean culture and this is proven by her statement â€Å"i guess some of you already know of my fondness for all things Korean e.g. dramas, songs, actors, singers, food etc. therefore i wont say much.† Due to the nature of the topic discussed in this particular entry (related to the Korean culture, specifically music), the blogger chooses to code-switch between English and Korean, although only at word level, most probably because she is not proficient in the language. †¦listen to my plead of untaggin moi . This particular blogger as seen here, code-switches from English to French. There is no apparent reason as to why she code-switches in this context, although it can be deduced that she has had some kind of exposure to the French language to be able to code-switch freely. In addition to that, she might have chosen to code-switch in this context to create more emphasis on herself. Im trying to earn money to pay for my cravings for oyster mee suah . The blogger code-switches from English to Chinese in this particular entry, where the term â€Å"mee suah† is used, used to refer to a popular dish among the Chinese community. Due to the inexistence of the term in English, the blogger chooses to use the Chinese term to illustrate the concept. However, only people whom are familiar with the Chinese language and/or dishes would be able to relate and fully comprehend the bloggers thoughts and points. Uncle, please hor . In this sentence, the blogger inserts a Chinese discourse particle in an English phrase. The insertion of this term is to indicate a mode or sense of sarcasm as well as emphasis, where in this context the blogger is being sarcastic to a Chinese cab driver who was very rude to her. I busy ma . This particular blogger inserts the Chinese discourse particle â€Å"ma† at the end of her sentence. It is slot in at the end to stress her point, as well as a reminder to others that she was busy at the referred point in time. Stupidnya The suffix â€Å"-nya† from the Malay language is used very commonly among Malaysians of all race and cultural background not just when using Malay but also English. Here, the suffix is inserted alongside English words (usually adjectives, as seen in the example above). This is frequently done to put emphasis on the state of something or someone at a certain point of time. The usage of this suffix, in addition to other examples, tends to create a truly Malaysian feeling as only Malaysians tend to use the â€Å"-nya† suffix in this unique manner. 5.4 Inter-language code-switching at sentence level Habis cerita . As seen here, the blogger ends her primarily English language entry with this Malay utterance. In the context of this entry, the blogger used this phrase in substitution of â€Å"None of this would have happened† or â€Å"Problem solved†. This popular Malay phrase is used quite commonly among Malaysians to create a meaning close to â€Å"Not having so many problems†. The blogger probably chose to use the Malay phrase not only because she is Malay, but because the English equivalent to the phrase may not provide the exact intended meaning as compared to the Malay phrase. Soy Estudiante de Espana ! This particular blogger starts off her entry in Spanish, but continues in English, further explaining that she would be sitting for her Spanish examination later on that morning, which clarifies the reason as to why she code-switches from English to Spanish in this particular entry. Tiap-tiap hari lepas habis buka puasa mesti kemas rumah . For this particular entry, the blogger starts off in Malay and continues her post in English. Here it may be because of the nature of the situation itself where the practice of â€Å"Buka Puasa† is a Malay/Islamic culture, so the writer chooses to express this statement in the Malay language to make her point, as the custom of â€Å"Buka Puasa† is somewhat related to â€Å"kemas rumah† i.e. cleaning the house in preparation for the Hari Raya celebrations. aku tak tau knape†¦. aku sgt curious nk tau wether†¦ Although this blog is primarily written in English, this particular entry was in Malay with a few English words inserted here and there. The main reason as to why this entry was written in the Malay language is most probably due to the nature of the topic discussed in the entry: related to religion. Islam is almost always associated with the Malay language because the religion itself is taught in Malay, with translations of Arab phrases and terms into Malay. Thus, when one talks about matters relating to Islam, the use of Malay is, more of than not, preferred even by individuals who are generally proficient in the English language. Tidur, makan, TV, mahjong . This particular blogger does not code-switch as often as compared to the other five bloggers, except on certain occasions only. In this entry the blogger code-switches form English to Malay, albeit for one sentence only. She most probably did this to emphasize the activities that she had been busy with i.e. sleeping, eating, watching TV and playing ‘mahjong (a board game popular among the Chinese) all of which are forms of relaxation, which is something that is quite often regarded as being part of truly Malaysian. 6. Conclusion â€Å"Along with physical appearance and cultural characteristics, language is part of what distinguishes one nation from another† Finegan, Edward (2004) The varieties of English used in all six blogs range anywhere from standard to non-standard or colloquial, as well as grammatical to ungrammatical. In addition to that, other languages are also used alongside English in various entries of all the blogs. These languages include Chinese, Malay, Korean, French and Spanish. The code-switching that takes place in these blogs are not only at word level but also at the sentence level. In some instances, whole entries are in a different language altogether, with a few English words inserted in between lines. There are many reasons as to why code-switching occur in all the blogs researched. In some instances, it may be due to the individual trying to draw attention to something significant regarding certain matters. Here, when a person attempts to emphasize something that is regarded important and needs to be highlighted, code-switching happens either from English to the individuals mother tongue or in certain cases, from English to a foreign language(s). Another reason is as to why code-switching occurs in these blogs is the desire of an individual to stand out among many others. In this case, a person may use certain expressions and phrases which automatically include or exclude selected speech communities. These expressions and phrases may be within English itself where an individual may switch form a certain variety of English to another, or between a dominant language (English, in this context) to another. It is interesting to point out that all the blogs chosen for the purpose of this research were written by individuals who are quite proficient in English. This in mind, one would assume that the possible code-switching that might take place would not be as extensive as what is seen here. However this notion was proven wrong, as most individuals are affected by other languages existing around them in one way or another. In a multilingual context such as in Malaysia, it is clear that the assumption by Adler (1977, p.154) that when one learns â€Å"a language in his home country, and learns it well, he will be affected by it to some extent†. Case in point where the blogs that were analysed all had numerous instances of code-switching from English to ones mother tongue (Chinese and Malay). Here, it is apparent that ones cultural background affects ones speech not only verbally but also in written from. Smedleys (2006) claim where he argues that â€Å"†¦switching is not merely a product of how speakers attend to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they attend to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their linguistic repertoire maximally to make their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities† is also proven right in this research. When an individual attempts to make a point clear or highlight a certain matter in argument, code-switching occurs. Knowledge of more than one language helps one to bring out the intended meaning of something during an argument, where it is presumed that with the use of more than one language, meanings can be emphasized and made clear. As a result, communication is made more effective. Smedley (2006) also claims that code-switching also occurs due to the desire of an individual â€Å"to construct and negotiate multiple identities†. Here, an individual is seen as wanting to bring out more than what is seen by others around them. For example, an individual who is able to speak and write in grammatically correct and Standard English tries to bring out more than what meets the eye. There is a desire to reveal a different side of the person, working more like an alter ego References Adler, Max K. (1977). Collective and individual bilingualism: A sociolinguistic study. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag Hamburg. Afendras, Evangelos A. (Ed.). (1980). Patterns of bilingualism. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Bilingualism: An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://psych.colorado.edu/~colunga/P7215/overview.pdf Blog. (2008). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog Code-switching. (2008). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching Duran, Luisa. Toward a better understanding of code switching and interlanguage in bilinguality: Implications for bilingual instruction. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/jeilms/vol14/duran.htm Galasso, Joseph. The development of child code-switching: Minimalist constraints and the role of checking theory. Retrieved November 18, 2008 from http://www.csun.edu/~galasso/code.pdf Hakuta, Kenji. (1986). Mirror of language: The debate on bilingiualism. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Haugen, Einar. (1987). Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Heller, Monica. (Ed.). (1988). Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Heredia, Roberto R. Brown, Jeffrey M. Code-switching. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.tamiu.edu/~rheredia/switch.htm Huffaker, D. A. Calvert, S. L. (2005). Gender, identity, and language use in teenage blogs. In Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10 (2), article 1. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/huffaker.html Lipski, John M. Code-switching or borrowing? No sà © so no puedo decir, you know. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wss/2/paper1136.pdf MacSwan, Jeff. A minimalist approach to code switching. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.public.asu.edu/~macswan/5.pdf MacSwan, Jeff. The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from hpp://www.public.asu.edu/~macswan/Bilingualism.pdf Marasigan, Elizabeth. (1983). Code-switching and code-mixing in multilingual societies. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Maya Khemlani David. (Ed.). (2006). Language choices and discourse of Malaysian families. Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. Maya Khemlani David Karen Kow Yip Cheng. (Eds.). (2008). Politeness in Malaysian family talk. Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia. Multilingualism. (2008). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism Nilep, Chad. â€Å"Code switching† in sociocultural linguistics. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.colorado.edu/ling/CRIL/volume19_Issue1/paper_NILEP.pdf Paradis, Michel. (Ed.). (1978). Aspects of bilingualism. South Carolina: Hornbeam Press, Incorporated. Paulston, Christina Bratt. (Ed.). (1988). International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Poplack, Shana. (2004). Code-switching. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.sociolinguistics.uottawa.ca/shanapoplack/pubs/articles/Poplack2004.pdf Smedley, Frank P. Code-switching and identity on the blogs: An analysis of Taglish in computer mediated communication. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/186 Stefanie Pillai. (2008). Speaking English the Malaysian way correct or not?. English Today.24 (4), 42-45. Suojanen, Pà ¤ivikki. Aspects of identity: Rights and obligations of ethnic groups. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.njas.helsinki.fi.pdf-files/vol1num2/suojanen.pdf Van Gelderen, Elly Macswan, Jeff. Interface conditions and code-switching: Pronouns, lexical DPs, and checking theories. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http://www.public.asu.edu/~gelderen/elly-jeff-CS.pdf Appendix Blogger 1 (Malay writer), taken from http://littlecharmvinyls.blogspot.com/ and http://zsazubir.blogspot.com/ Blogger 2 (Malay writer) taken from http://sy4h33r4h.blog.friendster.com/ Blogger 3 (Malay writer) taken from http://juzshahidah.blogspot.com/ Blogger 4 (Chinese writer) taken from http://ling3586.blogspot.com/ Blogger 5 (Chinese writer) taken from http://mandychockjy.blogspot.com/ Blogger 6 (Chinese writer) taken from http://evonhooi.blogspot.com/

How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodlan :: American America History

How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodland Indians? The environment hugely affected the Native American Indians in many different ways. This is because of the way in which the Indians used the environment and the surrounding land. The Indians were very close to nature, and so that meant that any changes in nature would be changes in the Indians. Land The Indians thought of land very differently to the white man. The land was sacred, there was no ownership, and it was created by the great spirit. They could not sell their land to others, whereas the white people could fence off the land which belonged to them, and sell it freely to whoever they wanted. The Europeans didn't think that the Indians were using the land properly, so in their eyes, they were doing a good favour to the earth. To the Indians, the land was more valuable than the money that the white man had brought with him, even though it didn't belong to them. Indians lived all over America, in many different environments including the flatlands, the forests, the mountains, the deserts, the prairies, on the coast, and even in the arctic. All these Environments affected the different Indians in different ways, so that different Indians evolved over time. Religion Religion was a very big part in many Indians life. Almost every part of Indian life is related to religion, the land is sacred, and religion plays a part in what can be done with it, the first Indians had many different religions, and they continued to have religion for the whole of their lives. Dress was affected, many Indians wore special clothes and jewellery of religious importance. Religion often changed family life, the children respected their elders, especially their grandparents, and the Indians believed in divorce and marriage. Education was religious, the boys were taught to hunt, and the girls to treat leather and prepare food. The Indians believed all life to be sacred, but it could be hunted, as long as it was treated with respect, so this affected the way they hunted, and what food they had. Shelter The environment also affected the Indians shelter in many ways. Depending on where they lived, the Indian tribes had different ways of protecting themselves from the elements using the available resources, and different designs for the general climate. For example, the Indians living in the mountainous and semi-desert areas of the south west lived in light twig shacks and log huts, whereas the Inuits of the sub arctic north America built igloos, and the woodland Indians lived in bark covered houses. How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodlan :: American America History How Did The Environment Affect The Native American Indians With Particular Reference To The Woodland Indians? The environment hugely affected the Native American Indians in many different ways. This is because of the way in which the Indians used the environment and the surrounding land. The Indians were very close to nature, and so that meant that any changes in nature would be changes in the Indians. Land The Indians thought of land very differently to the white man. The land was sacred, there was no ownership, and it was created by the great spirit. They could not sell their land to others, whereas the white people could fence off the land which belonged to them, and sell it freely to whoever they wanted. The Europeans didn't think that the Indians were using the land properly, so in their eyes, they were doing a good favour to the earth. To the Indians, the land was more valuable than the money that the white man had brought with him, even though it didn't belong to them. Indians lived all over America, in many different environments including the flatlands, the forests, the mountains, the deserts, the prairies, on the coast, and even in the arctic. All these Environments affected the different Indians in different ways, so that different Indians evolved over time. Religion Religion was a very big part in many Indians life. Almost every part of Indian life is related to religion, the land is sacred, and religion plays a part in what can be done with it, the first Indians had many different religions, and they continued to have religion for the whole of their lives. Dress was affected, many Indians wore special clothes and jewellery of religious importance. Religion often changed family life, the children respected their elders, especially their grandparents, and the Indians believed in divorce and marriage. Education was religious, the boys were taught to hunt, and the girls to treat leather and prepare food. The Indians believed all life to be sacred, but it could be hunted, as long as it was treated with respect, so this affected the way they hunted, and what food they had. Shelter The environment also affected the Indians shelter in many ways. Depending on where they lived, the Indian tribes had different ways of protecting themselves from the elements using the available resources, and different designs for the general climate. For example, the Indians living in the mountainous and semi-desert areas of the south west lived in light twig shacks and log huts, whereas the Inuits of the sub arctic north America built igloos, and the woodland Indians lived in bark covered houses.

The Importance of Going Away to College Essay -- Argumentative

The Importance of Going Away to College Imagine the senior year of high school when students are poised to enter college and become adults. It's a time of responsibility, of being on one's own, and of shaping lives by making daily decisions. One of the major decisions is where to attend college. Should a person stay close to home and attend an in-state school where people and even campuses are somewhat familiar? Or should the decision be to start a completely new chapter in one's life by attending a college farther away, with totally new challenges? I believe the answer is definitely to leave town. Of course, I can only speak from own experience to date. I thoroughly enjoyed high school and had excellent teachers who prepared me for entrance into the new world of college. My family and I discussed and received information from many schools, some of which I was totally unfamiliar with. My parents knew this was an important milestone in my life and therefore, arranged for a trip east to visit campuses and classes. That is how I chose to travel from my North Dakotan home to MIT, halfway across the nation. I had many reasons, one of which is obviously that MIT is one of the top schools in the nation, but another is that it is in the city of Boston. I am from Bismarck, North Dakota, a midwestern town of about 60,000 which I love, but I knew it was time for a new place with new experiences. So far, I am only in my first semester of college, but I love it. I have met a whole new set of friends and find that things are always happening on campus and in the city. I was homesick for about the first week, but after that I never thought about being homesick again. I had too many interesting things to do. For the first t... ...ting, a person can look at an experience from both sides. It has opened up my eyes to a new way of life. Going away to college is a great way for people to meet new friends and experience new things. Usually a setting unlike their home will help them with both of these experiences. While this may not be true for everyone, I believe everyone should try living in an area unlike his or her own. This is what develops a person intellectually and socially. It has been said that the grass is always greener on the other side. Being excited about the newness and challenges of a new place may not enable it to stay green for a lifetime, but the new place is a great place to spend the next four years. So even though I lived my whole high school life in one city where there were no actual problems, it still was time for me to move where there were new experiences.

The Biography of Absalom Jones and Richard Allen Essay -- Race in Amer

The union and biography of Absalom Jones and Richard Allen is a unique tale. Nonetheless, when we think of major influences in black history theirs is not amongst the names that readily come to mind. When discussing great advocates for equality and rights for the African Americans, names such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, and other prominent advocates widely televised are thought about. But seldom, if ever, are we are we told the tale of two seemingly distant African-American men, who unite for a similar cause and later leave one of the most important impacts made in the city of Philadelphia. Although Jones and Allen were not popular as other well-known leaders, their background story is much more distinctive. Both born into slavery in Delaware, living just a few hours away from each other, they both eventually earned their suffrage and began their own lives. But as providence would have it their individuality was much more entwined than they knew. Absalom Jones a nd Richard Allen were great men who were able to transform their lives from bondage to founders of great establishments and principal figures amongst Philadelphia’s African- American community. Absalom Jones was born into slavery in Delaware, Sussex County on November 1746. Jones and his family served Benjamin Wynkoop who was a well known merchant. Due to his illiteracy, Jones sought to teach himself how to read and write by spending his allowances on spelling books and reading materials. Well into his childhood Jones was separated from his mother and six other siblings, but Wynkoop chose to keep Jones. This serves as an opportunity for Jones to begin earning wages and was given permission to attend a school set up for African-Americans. Into 17... ...ractices in Pennsylvania.† CommonwealthofPennsylvania, February 21, 2012, http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/community/18326/religion/673925 â€Å"Richard Allen.† Christianitytoday , August 8, 2008, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/denominationalfounders/richardallen.html â€Å"A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People... â€Å" PBSOnline, February 21, 2012 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h456.html Dean Kevin, â€Å"Saints of the Week.† EpicospalCathedral.org, last modified February 20, 2012, http://www.episcopalcathedral.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=73 Scott Miltenberger, â€Å"Absalom Jones.† OxfordUniversityPress, February 21, 2012 www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0004/e0320 â€Å"Mother Bethel AME Church.† IndependenceHallAssociation, February 21, 2012, www.ushistory.org/tour/mother-bethel.htm